{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1760708329752,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metamaterials are artificial multifunctional materials that acquire their material properties from their structure, rather than inheriting them directly from the materials they are composed of, and they may provide novel tools to significantly enhance the sensitivity and resolution of sensors. In this paper, we derive the dispersion relation of a cylindrical dielectric waveguide loaded on a negative permeability metamaterial (NPM) layer, and compute the resonant frequencies and electric field distribution of the corresponding Whispering-Gallery-Modes (WGMs). The theoretical resonant frequency and electric field distribution results are in good agreement with the full wave simulation results. We show that the NPM sensor based on a microring resonator possesses higher sensitivity than the traditional microring sensor since with the evanescent wave amplification and the increase of NPM layer thickness, the sensitivity will be greatly increased. This may open a door for designing sensors with specified sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110808060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T14:11:23Z","timestamp":1313590283000},"page":"8060-8071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Microring Resonator Based Negative Permeability Metamaterial Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"given":"Jing-Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"given":"Ting-Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"given":"Yao-Zhong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.3966","article-title":"Negative refraction makes a perfect lens","volume":"85","author":"Pendry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125907","article-title":"Controlling electromagnetic fields","volume":"312","author":"Pendry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(09)70072-0","article-title":"Electromagnetic cloaking with metamaterials","volume":"12","author":"Alitalo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(09)70314-1","article-title":"Anisotropic metamaterial devices","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3367\/UFNe.0180.201005b.0475","article-title":"Invisible cloaking of material bodies using the wave flow method","volume":"53","author":"Dubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Usp"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19656","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.019656","article-title":"Metamaterial electromagnetic concentrators with arbitrary geometries","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S377","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/9\/9\/S16","article-title":"A consideration of the use of metamaterials for sensing applications: Field fluctuations and ultimate performance","volume":"9","author":"Kment","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/7\/1\/210","article-title":"On subwavelength and open resonators involving metamaterials of negative refraction index","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"New J. Phys"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.005000","article-title":"Metamaterial based telemetric strain sensing in different materials","volume":"18","author":"Melik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2946656","article-title":"Biosensing using split-ring resonators at microwave regime","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3194154","article-title":"Split ring resonator sensors for infrared detection of single molecular monolayers","volume":"95","author":"Cubukcu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.78.045102","article-title":"Dielectric sensing in \u03b5-near-zero narrow waveguide channels","volume":"78","author":"Engheta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2010.12.004","article-title":"Comparative study of 1-D and 2-D metamaterial lens for microwave nondestructive evaluation of dielectric materials","volume":"165","author":"Shreiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186756","article-title":"The road ahead for metamaterials","volume":"328","author":"Zheludev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10762-009-9546-y","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of \u03a9-shaped double negative material-assisted microwave sensor","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millimeter Terahertz Waves"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217984910023232","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of asymmetric metamaterial resonator-assisted microwave sensor","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrin, A (2011). Wave Propagation, In-tech Press. Chapter 2.","DOI":"10.5772\/584"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.31.001319","article-title":"Liquid-core optical ring-resonator sensors","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lett"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183167","article-title":"Microcavity laser oscillating in a circuit-based resonator","volume":"327","author":"Walther","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08812","article-title":"Quantum computers","volume":"464","author":"Ladd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01939","article-title":"Optical microcavities","volume":"424","author":"Vahala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01371","article-title":"Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip","volume":"421","author":"Armani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.3390\/s101009317","article-title":"bioconjugation strategies for microtoroidal optical resonators","volume":"10","author":"Hunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1221","article-title":"Wispering-gallery-mode biosensing: Labelfree detection down to single molecules","volume":"5","author":"Vollmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.237","article-title":"On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh-Q microresonator","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145002","article-title":"Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities","volume":"317","author":"Armani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025310","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/2\/025310","article-title":"Whispering-gallery mode silica microsensors for cryogenic to room temperature measurement","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.3390\/s7112741","article-title":"Ammonia optical sensing by microring resonators","volume":"7","author":"Passaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.3390\/s100706788","article-title":"Microring resonator sensor for sensitive detection of 1,3,5-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)","volume":"10","author":"Orghici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, C, and Shimabukuro, F (2008). The Essence of Dielectric Waveguides, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49799-0"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Heebner, J, Grover, R, Ibrahim, T, and Ibrahim, T (2008). Optical Microresonators: Theory, Fabrication, and Applications, Springer."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/8\/8060\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:06Z","timestamp":1760219826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/8\/8060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s110808060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110808060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]]}}}