{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T03:50:24Z","timestamp":1769917824630,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]],"date-time":"2011-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports the design, characterization and implementation of a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)-based temperature sensor for an Insulted-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) in a solar panel inverter. The FBG is bonded to the higher Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) side of a bimetallic strip to increase its sensitivity. Characterization results show a linear relationship between increasing temperature and the wavelength shift. It is found that the sensitivity of the sensor can be categorized into three characterization temperature regions between 26 \u00b0C and 90 \u00b0C. The region from 41 \u00b0C to 90 \u00b0C shows the highest sensitivity, with a value of 14 pm\/\u00b0C. A new empirical model that considers both temperature and strain effects has been developed for the sensor. Finally, the FBG-bimetal temperature sensor is placed in a solar panel inverter and results confirm that it can be used for real-time monitoring of the IGBT temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,7]],"date-time":"2011-09-07T07:59:55Z","timestamp":1315382395000},"page":"8665-8673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Fiber Bragg Grating\u2014Bimetal Temperature Sensor for Solar Panel Inverters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohd Afiq","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nizam","family":"Tamchek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rosdi Abu","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina D.","family":"Dambul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeyraj","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1834-1984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasrudin Abd","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Reza","family":"Sandoghchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal Rafiq Mahamd","family":"Adikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"},{"name":"Photonic Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/41.661310","article-title":"Implementation of a DSP-controlled photovoltaic system with peak power tracking","volume":"45","author":"Hua","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasa, N, Iida, T, and Majumdar, G (2002, January 2\u20135). Robust control for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic power system. Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/PCC.2002.997627"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Takahashi, I, Ogata, A, Kanazawa, H, and Hiruma, A (1997, January 3\u20136). Active EMI filter for switching noise of high frequency inverters. Nagaoka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Santi, E, Caiafa, A, Kang, X, Hudgins, JL, Palmer, PR, Goodwine, D, and Monti, A (October, January 30). Temperature effects on trench-gate IGBTs. Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618377","article-title":"Fiber grating sensors","volume":"15","author":"Kersey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/8\/4\/002","article-title":"In-Fibre Bragg grating sensors","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-8166(99)00025-1","article-title":"Recent progress in applications of in-fibre Bragg grating sensors","volume":"31","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, JH, Kim, S-G, Park, H-J, and Song, M (2006, January 26\u201330). Investigation of Fiber Bragg Grating temperature sensor for applications in electric power systems. 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