{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:53:18Z","timestamp":1791229998795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the performance of a microclimate monitoring system that was implemented for the preventive conservation of the Renaissance frescoes in the apse vault of the Cathedral of Valencia, that were restored in 2006. This system comprises 29 relative humidity (RH) and temperature sensors: 10 of them inserted into the plaster layer supporting the fresco paintings, 10 sensors in the walls close to the frescoes and nine sensors measuring the indoor microclimate at different points of the vault. Principal component analysis was applied to RH data recorded in 2007. The analysis was repeated with data collected in 2008 and 2010. The resulting loading plots revealed that the similarities and dissimilarities among sensors were approximately maintained along the three years. A physical interpretation was provided for the first and second principal components. Interestingly, sensors recording the highest RH values correspond to zones where humidity problems are causing formation of efflorescence. Recorded data of RH and temperature are discussed according to Italian Standard UNI 10829 (1999).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T12:32:55Z","timestamp":1315485175000},"page":"8685-8710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Long-Term Monitoring of Fresco Paintings in the Cathedral of Valencia (Spain) Through Humidity and Temperature Sensors in Various Locations for Preventive Conservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Zarzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Navajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics (U.D. Agriculture Engeering), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando-Juan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics (U.D. Agriculture Engeering), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Camuffo, D (1998). Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Microclimate in the British Museum, London","volume":"9","author":"Bernardi","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMC"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5","article-title":"Microclimate in the Chiericati Palace Municipal Museum, Vicenza","volume":"14","author":"Bernardi","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMC"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1296-2074(02)01171-8","article-title":"The microclimate inside the Pollaiolo and Botticelli rooms in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence","volume":"3","author":"Camuffo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2004.00285.x","article-title":"Indoor air climate requirements for Russian churches and cathedrals","volume":"14","author":"Tabunschikov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002026711404","article-title":"Thermodynamic exchanges between the external boundary layer and the indoor microclimate at the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Italy: The problem of conservation of ancient works of art","volume":"92","author":"Camuffo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteor"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2007.11.014","article-title":"Indoor measurements of microclimate variables and ozone in the church of San Vincenzo (Monastery of Bassano Romano\u2013Italy): A pilot study","volume":"88","author":"Vuerich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microchem. J"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.07.015","article-title":"Indoor microclimate, ozone and nitrogen oxides in two medieval churches in Cyprus","volume":"40","author":"Loupa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-1-00002.x","article-title":"The indoor environment of a modern museum building, the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK","volume":"9","author":"Brimblecombe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00262-4","article-title":"Indoor air quality at the Correr Museum, Venice, Italy","volume":"236","author":"Camuffo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00088-7","article-title":"Environmental monitoring in four European museums","volume":"35","author":"Camuffo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2004.02.002","article-title":"Indoor environment and conservation in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, Belgium","volume":"5","author":"Gysels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1081\/TMA-120020262","article-title":"Multidisciplinary environmental monitoring at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna","volume":"21","author":"Sturaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Microprobe Tech"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(83)90188-9","article-title":"Indoor dynamic climatology: Investigations on the interactions between walls and indoor environment","volume":"17","author":"Camuffo","year":"1983","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2004.01.005","article-title":"The impact of heating, lighting and people in re-using historical buildings: A case study","volume":"5","author":"Camuffo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2307\/1506498","article-title":"Study of the microclimate of the Hall of the Giants in the Carrara Palace in Padova","volume":"40","author":"Camuffo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The microclimate of Leonardo\u2019s Last Supper","volume":"14","author":"Camuffo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bollettino Geofisico"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"7","article-title":"The microclimate of the Sistine Chapel","volume":"9","author":"Camuffo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Cult. Herit. Newslett. Res"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"49","article-title":"Frescoes of the cathedral of Valencia","volume":"22","year":"2007","journal-title":"FMR"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1296-2074(00)01084-0","article-title":"Microclimatic analysis in St. Stephan\u2019s church, Nessebar, Bulgaria after interventions for the conservation of frescoes","volume":"1","author":"Bernardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2009.06.002","article-title":"Microclimate monitoring by multivariate statistical control: The renaissance frescoes of the Cathedral of Valencia (Spain)","volume":"11","author":"Zarzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2009.05.003","article-title":"Assessment of thermo-hygrometric quality in museums: Method and in-field application to the \u201cDuccio di Buoninsegna\u201d exhibition at Santa Maria della Scala (Sirena, Italy)","volume":"11","author":"Corgnati","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.07.011","article-title":"Assessment of fresco detachments through a non-invasive acoustic method","volume":"284","author":"Fregolent","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Maxim Integrated Products Guidelines for Reliable Long Line 1-Wire\u00ae Networks, Available online: www.maxim-ic.com\/an148 (accessed on 5 September 2011)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Maxim Integrated Products Advanced 1-Wire Network Driver, Available online: www.maxim-ic.com\/an244 (accessed on 5 September 2011)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Maxim Integrated Products, and Linke, B Choosing the Right 1-Wire\u00ae Master for Embedded Applications, Available online: www.maxim-ic.com\/an4206 (accessed on 5 September 2011)."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.12.061","article-title":"Depression of a capacitive-type humidity sensor\u2019s drift by introducing across-linked structure in the sensing polymer","volume":"102","author":"Matsuguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B Chem"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Padfield, T Condensation in the Walls of Humidified Buildings. Available online: http:\/\/www.conservationphysics.org\/condens\/condens1.php (accessed on 5 September 2011)."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Cather, S (1996). Monitoring wall paintings affected by soluble salts. The Conservation of Wall Paintings, Courtauld Institute of Art and the Getty Conservation Institute. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez Garc\u00eda, MC (2006). Primeros estudios anal\u00edticos. Los \u00e1ngeles m\u00fasicos de la cathedral de Valencia Estudios previos, Generalitat Valenciana. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.01.070","article-title":"Modeling the variability of solar radiation data among weather stations by means of principal components analysis","volume":"88","author":"Zarzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-1354(96)00128-7","article-title":"Use of principal component analysis for sensor fault identification","volume":"20","author":"Ricardo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/s100100241","article-title":"A multi-fault diagnosis method for sensor systems based on principle component analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/s130405403","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]],"date-time":"2011-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315440000000}}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/9\/8685\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T07:34:02Z","timestamp":1754292842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/9\/8685"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s110908685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110908685","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/s130405403","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,8]]}}}