{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T08:37:05Z","timestamp":1778920625363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]],"date-time":"2011-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are currently being applied to energy conservation applications such as light control. We propose a design for such a system called a Lighting Automatic Control System (LACS). The LACS system contains a centralized or distributed architecture determined by application requirements and space usage. The system optimizes the calculations and communications for lighting intensity, incorporates user illumination requirements according to their activities and performs adjustments based on external lighting effects in external sensor and external sensor-less architectures. Methods are proposed for reducing the number of sensors required and increasing the lifetime of those used, for considerably reduced energy consumption. Additionally we suggest methods for improving uniformity of illuminance distribution on a workplane\u2019s surface, which improves user satisfaction. Finally simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of our design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]],"date-time":"2011-09-16T10:42:45Z","timestamp":1316169765000},"page":"8933-8952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Novel Design of an Automatic Lighting Control System for a Wireless Sensor Network with Increased Sensor Lifetime and Reduced Sensor Numbers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Mohamaddoust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical, Computer & IT Engineering, Qazvin Azad University, Daneshgah Street, Qazvin 1416-34185, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl Toroghi","family":"Haghighat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical, Computer & IT Engineering, Qazvin Azad University, Daneshgah Street, Qazvin 1416-34185, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Javad","family":"Motahari Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Engineering & IT, Sadjad Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad 91375-4664, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niccolo","family":"Capanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Design and Technology, Robert Gordon University, St. Andrew Street, Aberdeen, AB25 1HG, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mainwaring, A, Polastre, J, Szewczyk, R, Culler, D, and Anderson, J Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring, Atlanta."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/firebug.sourceforge.net\/ (accessed on 10 April 2011)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q, DeRosa, M, and Rus, D (2003, January 1\u20133). Distributed Algorithm for Guiding Navigation across a Sensor Network. Annapolis, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/938985.939017"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, PY, Chen, WT, and Shen, YT (2008, January 8\u201310). A Distributed Area-Based Guiding Navigation Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS.2008.80"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, F, and Buckley, J (2005, January 20\u201321). Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Fluorescent Lighting Control with Daylight Substitution. Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H, Srivastava, MB, and Burke, J (2007, January 25\u201327). Design and Implementation of a Wireless Sensor Network for Intelligent Light Control. Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2007.4379697"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wen, YJ, Granderson, J, and Agogino, AM (2006, January 5\u20137). Towards Embedded Wireless-Networked Intelligent Daylighting Systems for Commercial Buildings. Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.2004294","article-title":"A wsn-based intelligent light control system considering user activities and profiles","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2042442","article-title":"Autonomous light control by wireless sensor and actuator networks","volume":"10","author":"Lun","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhvi, V, Krause, A, Guestrin, C, Garrett, JH, and Matthews, HS (2005, January 2\u20134). Intelligent Light Control Using Sensor Networks. San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1098918.1098942"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hiroyasu, T, Nakamura, A, Shinohara, S, Yoshimi, M, Miki, M, and Yokouchi, H (December, January 30). Intelligent Lighting Control User Interface through Design of Illuminance Distribution. Pisa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2008.4637603","article-title":"Automatic room light intensity detection and control using a microprocessor and light sensors","volume":"54","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miki, M, Asayama, E, and Hiroyasu, T (2006, January 7\u20139). Intelligent Lighting System Using Visible-Light Communication Technology. Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIS.2006.252257"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2003.1179560","article-title":"MANNA: A management architecture for wireless sensor networks","volume":"41","author":"Ruiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11400","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211400","article-title":"An efficient management system for wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2000). The IESNA Lighting Handbook, IES."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamaddoust, R, Haghighat, AT, Kafash, M, and Sharif, MJM (2010, January 26\u201328). Designing the Lighting Control System Based on WSN with Optimization of Decision Making Algorithm. Bhopal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICN.2010.65"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Advancing Knowledge and Providing Standardization to Improve the Lighted Environment Available online: http:\/\/www.cie.co.at\/ (accessed on 10 April 2011)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"The Software Standard for Calculating Lighting Layouts Available online: http:\/\/www.dialux.com\/ (accessed on 10 April 2011)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/zigbee.org\/Standards\/Downloads.aspx\/ (accessed on 10 April 2011)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/9\/8933\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:24Z","timestamp":1760219844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/9\/8933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s110908933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110908933","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,16]]}}}