{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:37:35Z","timestamp":1760243855384,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on developing a novel technique based on machine vision for detection of foreign substances in injections. Mechanical control yields spin\/stop movement of injections which helps to cause relative movement between foreign substances in liquid and an ampoule bottle. Foreign substances are classified into two categories: subsiding-slowly object and subsiding-fast object. A sequence of frames are captured by a camera and used to recognize foreign substances. After image preprocessing like noise reduction and motion detection, two different methods, Moving-object Clustering (MC) and Frame Difference, are proposed to detect the two categories respectively. MC is operated to cluster subsiding-slowly foreign substances, based on the invariant features of those objects. Frame Difference is defined to calculate the difference between two frames due to the change of subsiding-fast objects. 200 ampoule samples filled with injection are tested and the experimental result indicates that the approach can detect the visible foreign substances effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T20:09:10Z","timestamp":1317154150000},"page":"9121-9135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Approach for Foreign Substances Detection in Injection Using Clustering and Frame Difference"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Guiliang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"The difference between artificial inspection and machine inspection","volume":"29","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mech. 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