{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:37:15Z","timestamp":1760243835217,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present work analyzes theoretically and verifies the advantage of utilizing \u03b5-microcantilever assemblies in microsensing applications. The deflection profile of these innovative \u03b5-assembly microcantilevers is compared with that of the rectangular microcantilever and modified triangular microcantlever. Various force-loading conditions are considered. The theorem of linear elasticity for thin beams is used to obtain the deflections. The obtained defections are validated against an accurate numerical solution utilizing finite element method with maximum deviation less than 10 percent. It is found that the \u03b5-assembly produces larger deflections than the rectangular microcantilever under the same base surface stress and same extension length. In addition, the \u03b5-microcantilever assembly is found to produce larger deflection than the modified triangular microcantilever. This deflection enhancement is found to increase as the \u03b5-assembly\u2019s free length decreases for various types of force loading conditions. Consequently, the \u03b5-microcantilever is shown to be superior in microsensing applications as it provides favorable high detection capability with a reduced susceptibility to external noises. Finally, this work paves a way for experimentally testing the \u03b5-assembly to show whether detective potential of microsensors can be increased.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T11:20:44Z","timestamp":1317208844000},"page":"9260-9274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of Deflection Enhancement Using Epsilon Assembly Microcantilevers Based Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Abdul-Rahim  A.","family":"Khaled","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal Engineering and Desalination Technology Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kambiz","family":"Vafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1560","article-title":"Origin of nanomechanical cantilever motion generated from biomolecular interactions","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00231-4","article-title":"Analysis, control and augmentation of microcantilever deflections in bio-sensing systems","volume":"94","author":"Khaled","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3991(99)00148-5","article-title":"Environmental sensors based on micromachined cantilevers with integrated read-out","volume":"82","author":"Boisen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, G, Li, X, Zhang, Z, Yang, T, Wang, Y, Cheng, Z, and Feng, S (2007). Dual-SAM functionalization on integrated cantilevers for specific trace-explosive sensing and non-specific adsorption suppression. Nanotechnology, 18.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/25\/255501"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1063\/1.103677","article-title":"Improved atomic force microscope images using microcantilevers with sharp tips","volume":"57","author":"Alkamine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.01.004","article-title":"Deflection of microcantilever by growing vapor bubble","volume":"136","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.05.027","article-title":"Nanomechanics of self-assembled monolayer on microcantilever sensors measured by a multiple-point deflection technique","volume":"122","author":"Jeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2005.05.011","article-title":"Microcantilevers buiosensors","volume":"37","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(02)00315-5","article-title":"Design and performance of a microcantilever-based hydrogen sensor","volume":"88","author":"Baselt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.10.030","article-title":"Detection of gas trace of hydrofluoric acid using microcantilever","volume":"99","author":"Mertens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sensing of biological substances based on the bending of the microfabricated cantilevers","volume":"61","author":"Raiteri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.316","article-title":"Translating biomolecular recognition into nanomechanics","volume":"288","author":"Fritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/13\/6\/309","article-title":"High sensitivity piezoresistive cantilever design and optimization for an analyte-receptor binding","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Vafai, K, Ozkan, C, Haddon, R, Khaled, A-RA, and Yang, M (2007). Microcantilevers for Biological and Chemical Assays and Methods of Making and Using Thereof, U.S. Patent 7,288,404,."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.01.035","article-title":"Enhanced detection resonance frequency shift of a piezoelectric microcantilever sensor by a DC bias electric field in humidity detection","volume":"138","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.06.038","article-title":"A novel, eclectically protein-manipulated microcantilever biosensor for enhancement of capture antibody immobilization","volume":"141","author":"Yen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Vafai, K, and Khaled, A-RA (2010). Innovative biosensors for chemical and biological assays, U.S. Patent 7,695,951."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/14\/8\/015","article-title":"Optimization modelling of analyte adhesion over an inclined microcantilever-based biosensor","volume":"14","author":"Khaled","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/14\/10\/006","article-title":"Spatial optimization of an array of aligned microcantilever based sensors","volume":"14","author":"Khanafer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.11.021","article-title":"Geometrical and flow configurations for enhanced microcantilever detection within a fluidic cell","volume":"48","author":"Khanafer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Vafai, K, and Khaled, A-RA (2010). Methods and devices comprising flexible seals, flexible microchannels, or both for modulating or controlling flow and heat, U.S. Patent 7,770,809."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1063\/1.359562","article-title":"Adsorptio-induced surface stress and its effects on resonance frequency of microcantilevers","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/10\/9260\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:32Z","timestamp":1760219852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/10\/9260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s111009260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s111009260","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]}}}