{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:22:44Z","timestamp":1773804164196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a conductometric nanoparticle biosensor array to address the significant variation of electrical property in nanomaterial biosensors due to the random network nature of nanoparticle thin-film. Indium oxide and silica nanoparticles (SNP) are assembled selectively on the multi-site channel area of the resistors using layer-by-layer self-assembly. To demonstrate enzymatic biosensing capability, glucose oxidase is immobilized on the SNP layer for glucose detection. The packaged sensor chip onto a ceramic pin grid array is tested using syringe pump driven feed and multi-channel I\u2013V measurement system. It is successfully demonstrated that glucose is detected in many different sensing sites within a chip, leading to concentration dependent currents. The sensitivity has been found to be dependent on the channel length of the resistor, 4\u201312 nA\/mM for channel lengths of 5\u201320 \u00b5m, while the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant is 20 mM. By using sensor array, analytical data could be obtained with a single step of sample solution feeding. This work sheds light on the applicability of the developed nanoparticle microsensor array to multi-analyte sensors, novel bioassay platforms, and sensing components in a lab-on-a-chip.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]],"date-time":"2011-09-28T11:20:44Z","timestamp":1317208844000},"page":"9300-9312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Conductometric Indium Oxide Semiconducting Nanoparticle Enzymatic Biosensor Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dongjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Ondrake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio Northern University, 525 South Main St., Ada, OH 45810, USA"}]},{"given":"Tianhong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.02.007","article-title":"Nano electromechanical sensors based on carbon nanotubes","volume":"136","author":"Hierold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034841q","article-title":"Extraordinary mobility in semiconducting carbon nanotubes","volume":"4","author":"Durkop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215502:1","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.215502","article-title":"Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwalled nanotubes","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5385.2013","article-title":"Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels","volume":"281","author":"Bruchez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124005","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays","volume":"312","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1039\/b414248a","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.10003","article-title":"Nanopore and nanoparticle catalysts","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Rec"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.3390\/s110504648","article-title":"Investigation of a photoelectrochemical passivated ZnO-based glucose biosensor","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.12.040","article-title":"A glucose oxidase immobilization platform for glucose biosensor using ZnO hollow nanospheres","volume":"155","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-0118-4","article-title":"Self-assembly of polyaniline-grafted chitosan\/glucose oxidase nanolayered films for electrochemical biosensor applications","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.260400406","article-title":"Colloidal gold as a biocompatible immobilization matrix suitable for the fabrication of enzyme electrodes by electrodeposition","volume":"40","author":"Crumbliss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-004-2770-3","article-title":"Glucose oxidase-magnetite nanoparticle bioconjugate for glucose sensing","volume":"380","author":"Rossi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-7765(96)01291-X","article-title":"Effect of nanometer particles on the adsorbability and enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1039\/b101489g","article-title":"Biochemically functionalized silica nanoparticles","volume":"126","author":"Qhobosheane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willner, I, and Katz, E (2005). Bioelectronics: From Theory to Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/352760376X"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200503415","article-title":"Application of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2014414","article-title":"Layer-by-layer self-assembled single-walled carbon nanotubes based ion-sensitive conductometric glucose biosensors","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2006.12.023","article-title":"Acetylcholine biosensors based on layer-by-layer self-assembled polymer\/nanoparticle ion-sensitive field-effect transistors","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.08.006","article-title":"Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor based pH sensors using nano self-assembled polyelectrolyte\/nanoparticle multilayer films","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2001.7484","article-title":"Pristine points of zero charge of gallium and indium oxides","volume":"238","author":"Kosmulski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1116\/1.3002386","article-title":"pH-dependent conductance behaviors of layer-by-layer self-assembled carboxylated carbon nanotube multilayer thin-film sensors","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1021\/ma991645q","article-title":"pH-dependent thickness behavior of sequentially adsorbed layers of weak polyelectrolytes","volume":"33","author":"Shiratori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9815024","article-title":"Electrostatic self-assembly of silica nanoparticle-polyelectrolyte multilayers on polystyrene latex particles","volume":"120","author":"Caruso","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200500261","article-title":"Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in chemiresistors: Does the nanoscale matter?","volume":"2","author":"Franke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1021\/la0624485","article-title":"In situ determination of the size and polydispersity of concentrated emulsions","volume":"23","author":"Whitby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070887i","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle chemiresistor sensors: Direct sensing of organics in aqueous electrolyte solution","volume":"79","author":"Raguse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.03.003","article-title":"Low-cost, transparent, and flexible single-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite based ion-sensitive field-effect transistors for pH\/glucose sensing","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1021\/am9007819","article-title":"Immobilizing enzymes onto electrode arrays by hydrogel photolithography to fabricate multi-analyte electrochemical biosensors","volume":"2","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/10\/9300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:32Z","timestamp":1760219852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/10\/9300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s111009300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s111009300","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,28]]}}}