{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:59:55Z","timestamp":1781236795185,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]],"date-time":"2011-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a road distress detection system involving the phases needed to properly deal with fully automatic road distress assessment. A vehicle equipped with line scan cameras, laser illumination and acquisition HW-SW is used to storage the digital images that will be further processed to identify road cracks. Pre-processing is firstly carried out to both smooth the texture and enhance the linear features. Non-crack features detection is then applied to mask areas of the images with joints, sealed cracks and white painting, that usually generate false positive cracking. A seed-based approach is proposed to deal with road crack detection, combining Multiple Directional Non-Minimum Suppression (MDNMS) with a symmetry check. Seeds are linked by computing the paths with the lowest cost that meet the symmetry restrictions. The whole detection process involves the use of several parameters. A correct setting becomes essential to get optimal results without manual intervention. A fully automatic approach by means of a linear SVM-based classifier ensemble able to distinguish between up to 10 different types of pavement that appear in the Spanish roads is proposed. The optimal feature vector includes different texture-based features. The parameters are then tuned depending on the output provided by the classifier. Regarding non-crack features detection, results show that the introduction of such module reduces the impact of false positives due to non-crack features up to a factor of 2. In addition, the observed performance of the crack detection system is significantly boosted by adapting the parameters to the type of pavement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]],"date-time":"2011-10-12T10:41:24Z","timestamp":1318416084000},"page":"9628-9657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Adaptive Road Crack Detection System by Pavement Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gavil\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Balcones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Llorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Sotelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Aliseda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Management Division, ACCIONA Engineering, c\\Marcelina 3, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Yarza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Management Division, ACCIONA Engineering, c\\Marcelina 3, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Am\u00edrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Management Division, ACCIONA Engineering, c\\Marcelina 3, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ERF Available online: http:\/\/www.erf.be\/images\/...n_Road_Statistics_2010.pdf (accessed on 27 August 2011)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministerio de Fomento de Espana Available online: http:\/\/www.fomento.gob.es (accessed on 27 August 2011)."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ERF Available online: http:\/\/www.erf.be\/media\/wg_sustainableroads\/SUSTAINABLE%20ROADS_Final%20Version_Version%20to%20Print.pdf (accessed on 27 August 2011)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2009). 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