{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:37:19Z","timestamp":1777354639467,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]],"date-time":"2011-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Position data of players and athletes are widely used in sports performance analysis for measuring the amounts of physical activities as well as for tactical assessments in game sports. However, positioning sensing systems are applied in sports as tools to gain objective information of sports behavior rather than as components of intelligent spaces (IS). The paper outlines the idea of IS for the sports context with special focus to game sports and how intelligent sports feedback systems can benefit from IS. Henceforth, the most common location sensing techniques used in sports and their practical application are reviewed, as location is among the most important enabling techniques for IS. Furthermore, the article exemplifies the idea of IS in sports on two applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]],"date-time":"2011-10-19T10:52:25Z","timestamp":1319021545000},"page":"9778-9797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Local Positioning Systems in (Game) Sports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Roland","family":"Leser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Ogris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Applied Computer Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, 1150 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Spantec GmbH, Gumpendorferstra\u00dfe 132\/2\/5, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steventon, A, and Wright, S (2006). Computer Communications and Networks: Intelligent Spaces\u2014The Application of Pervasive ICT Intelligent Spaces\u2014The Vision, the Opportunities, and the Barriers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-429-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-006-0416-6","article-title":"Present state and future of intelligent space\u2014Discussion on the implementation of RT in our environment","volume":"11","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838100-00004","article-title":"The role of motion analysis in elite soccer","volume":"10","author":"Carling","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2165\/11531400-000000000-00000","article-title":"Match analysis and the physiological demands of australian football","volume":"40","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.09.004","article-title":"Match running performance in elite Australian Rules Football","volume":"13","author":"Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d09e24","article-title":"Motion analyses of adolescent rugby union players: A comparison of training and game demands","volume":"25","author":"Hartwig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.570774","article-title":"The use of GPS to evaluate activity profiles of elite women hockey players during match-play","volume":"29","author":"Macutkiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ddf678","article-title":"Performance analysis of elite Rugby League match play using global positioning systems","volume":"25","author":"McLellan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.3.394","article-title":"Australian football player work rate: Evidence of fatigue and pacing?","volume":"5","author":"Aughey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Perform"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"98","article-title":"Heart rate and motion analysis by GPS in beach soccer","volume":"9","author":"Castellano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181a3928b","article-title":"An evaluation of the physiological demands of elite rugby union using global positioning system tracking software","volume":"23","author":"Cunniffe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000170062.73981.94","article-title":"Physical demands during an elite female soccer game: Importance of training status","volume":"37","author":"Krustrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2008.32.01","article-title":"Heart rate and activity profile for young female soccer players","volume":"3","author":"Lopez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"110","article-title":"Activity profile of competition soccer","volume":"16","author":"Bangsbo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"233","article-title":"Analysis of the distances covered by first division Brazilian soccer players obtained with an automatic tracking method","volume":"6","author":"Barros","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1271771","article-title":"Contextual variables and time-motion analysis in soccer","volume":"32","author":"Castellano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273710","article-title":"Physical demands and physiological responses during elite field hockey","volume":"32","author":"Lythe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e381c1","article-title":"Activity profile and physiological requirements of junior elite basketball players in relation to aerobic-anaerobic fitness","volume":"24","author":"Abdelkrim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181d09f21","article-title":"Elite female soccer players perform more high-intensity running when playing in international games compared with domestic league games","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903220310","article-title":"Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games","volume":"27","author":"Krustrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802538168","article-title":"A time-motion analysis of professional rugby league match-play","volume":"27","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802520802","article-title":"A comparison of match demands between elite and semi-elite rugby league competition","volume":"27","author":"Sirotic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802206857","article-title":"Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of various small-sided soccer games in youth players","volume":"27","author":"Dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(05)80053-2","article-title":"Time-motion analysis of elite field hockey during several games in succession: A tournament scenario","volume":"8","author":"Spencer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903348665","article-title":"Movement patterns in cricket vary by both position and game format","volume":"28","author":"Petersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181da7899","article-title":"Comparison of player movement patterns between 1-day and test cricket","volume":"25","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.01.005","article-title":"Movement pattern comparisons in elite (AFL) and sub-elite (WAFL) Australian football games using GPS","volume":"13","author":"Brewer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1261897","article-title":"Repeated-sprint sequences during youth soccer matches","volume":"31","author":"Buchheit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181ceebbb","article-title":"GPS analysis of elite women\u2019s field hockey training and competition","volume":"24","author":"Gabbett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.09.002","article-title":"Quantifying movement demands of AFL football using GPS tracking","volume":"13","author":"Wisbey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.4.2.278","article-title":"Variability in movement patterns during One Day Internationals by a cricket fast bowler","volume":"4","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Perform"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802512775","article-title":"High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches","volume":"27","author":"Bradley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.10.002","article-title":"Technical performance during soccer matches of the Italian Serie A league: Effect of fatigue and competitive level","volume":"12","author":"Rampinini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181635597","article-title":"Time-motion analysis of small-sided training games and competition in elite women soccer players","volume":"22","author":"Gabbett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181aeb1b3","article-title":"High-intensity activity profiles of elite soccer players at different performance levels","volume":"24","author":"Bradley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181af5265","article-title":"Time-motion characteristics and physiological responses of small-sided games in elite youth players: The influence of player number and rule changes","volume":"24","author":"Coutts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"166","article-title":"Physical load imposed on soccer players during small-sided training games","volume":"48","author":"Mallo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1105950","article-title":"Analysis of high intensity activity in Premier League soccer","volume":"30","author":"Gregson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.510142","article-title":"Motion analysis of match-play in elite U12 to U16 age-group soccer players","volume":"28","author":"Harley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262838","article-title":"Match running performance and fitness in youth soccer","volume":"31","author":"Buchheit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"443","article-title":"Activity profile of elite goalkeepers during football match-play","volume":"48","author":"Benito","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924294","article-title":"Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer","volume":"28","author":"Baron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1519\/00124278-200702000-00021","article-title":"Metabolic and functional responses playing tennis on different surfaces","volume":"21","author":"Murias","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coughlan, GF, Green, BS, Pook, PT, Toolan, E, and O\u2019Connor, SP (2011). Physical Game Demands in Elite Rugby Union: A Global Positioning System Analysis and Possible Implications for Rehabilitation. J Orthpaedic Sports Phys Ther, (Epub ahead of print).","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3508"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181e72709","article-title":"Relationship between endurance field tests and match performance in young soccer players","volume":"24","author":"Castagna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.521166","article-title":"Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during European Champions League and UEFA Cup matches","volume":"28","author":"Baron","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theron, R, and Casares, L (2010, January 24\u201326). Visual Analysis of Time-Motion in Basketball Games. Banff, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13544-6_19"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"220","article-title":"Path changes in the movement of English Premier League soccer players","volume":"51","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/24748668.2011.11868528","article-title":"Path changes and injury risk in English FA Premier League soccer","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181887f34","article-title":"Does improved decision-making ability reduce the physiological demands of game-based activities in field sport athletes?","volume":"22","author":"Gabbett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"22","article-title":"Analysis and simulation of actions in games by means of special self-organizing maps","volume":"8","author":"Grunz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Sport"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grunz, A, Memmert, D, and Perl, J (2011). Tactical pattern recognition in soccer games by means of special self-organizing maps. Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.02.008"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"320","article-title":"Profile of position movement demands in elite junior Australian rules footballers","volume":"8","author":"Veale","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410410001716715","article-title":"Time-motion analysis of elite field hockey, with special reference to repeated-sprint activity","volume":"22","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410903207416","article-title":"Activity profiles and physical demands of elite women\u2019s water polo match play","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"87","article-title":"A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play","volume":"2","author":"Reilly","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Hum. Mov. Stud"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/0264041031000071182","article-title":"Hand Notation Calculation by means of known playing field markings","volume":"21","author":"Mohr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"63","article-title":"Physical demands of different positions in FA Premier League soccer","volume":"6","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318165fef6","article-title":"Match activities of elite women soccer players at different performance levels","volume":"22","author":"Mohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Muthukrishnan, K (2009). Multimodal Localisation\u2014Analysis, Algorithms and Experimental Evaluation, Ph.D. Dissertation,."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2004.833793","article-title":"Revisiting trilateration for robot localization","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Navarro-Serment, LE, Paredis, CJ, and Khosla, PK (1999, January 29\u201331). A Beacon System for the Localization of Distributed Robotic Teams. Pittsburgh, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/2.940013","article-title":"Implementing a sentient computing system","volume":"34","author":"Addlesee","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Mag"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2003.1210859","article-title":"Pervasive Pose-Aware Applications and Infrastructure","volume":"23","author":"Teller","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishitani, A, Nishida, Y, and Mizoguch, H (2005). Omnidirectional ultrasonic location sensor. IEEE Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2005.1597791"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2006.57","article-title":"Broadband ultrasonic location systems for improved indoor positioning","volume":"5","author":"Hazas","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.838281","article-title":"Concept and application of LPM\u2014A novel 3-D local position measurement system","volume":"42","author":"Stelzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeil, R, Schuster, S, Scherz, P, Stelzer, A, and Stelzhammer, G (2009, January 24\u201325). A Robust Position Estimation Algorithm for a Local Positioning Measurement System. Cavtat, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS2.2009.5307893"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goal Line Technology Available online: http:\/\/www.cairos.com\/unternehmen\/gltsystem.php?sl=1 (accessed on 9 September 2011).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4789(11)70020-4"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, W, and Piater, J (2006, January 13\u201316). Multi-View Tracking Using Sequential Belief Propagation. Hyderabad, India.","DOI":"10.1007\/11612032_69"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, W, and Piater, J (2006, January 10\u201313). Data Fusion by Belief Propagation for Multi-Camera Tracking. Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2006.301712"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Du, W, Hayet, JB, Piater, J, and Verly, J (2006, January 12). Collaborative Multi-Camera Tracking of Athletes in Team Sports. Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Hayet, J, Mathes, T, Czyz, J, Piater, J, Verly, J, and Macq, BA (2005, January 15\u201316). A Modular Multi-Camera Framework for Team Sports Tracking. Montefiore, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Siegle, M (2011, January 6\u20139). Evaluation of Image Detection Systems in Football. Dagstuhl, Germany."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Bauer, G, and Lukowicz, P (2008, January 9\u201311). Developing a Sub Room Level Indoor Location System for Wide Scale Deployment in Assisted Living Systems. Linz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Rezaei, S, and Sengupta, R (August, January 29). Kalman Filter Based Integration of DGPS and Vehicle Sensors for Localization. Niagara Falls, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.5.4.565","article-title":"Variability of GPS units for measuring distance in team sport movements","volume":"5","author":"Jennings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Perform"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhihua, T (2008, January 12\u201314). The Application of GPS\/GIS Navigation and Positioning System in Cross-Country Orienteering. Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSSE.2008.167"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Wiemeyer, J, Baca, A, and Lames, M Internettechnologien im Sport (Internet Technologies in Sports)."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2005.140","article-title":"Pedestrian tracking with shoe-mounted inertial sensors","volume":"25","author":"Foxlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Spassov, I (2007). Algorithms for Map-aided Autonomous Indoor Pedestrian Positioning and Navigation, Ph.D. Thesis,."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Spassov, I, Bierlaire, M, and Merminod, B (2006, January 4\u20136). Bayesian Inference for Autonomous Personal Localisation Indoors. Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302359","article-title":"Ambient intelligence systems for personalized sport training","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"33","article-title":"Application of service oriented software architectures in sports: Team training optimization in cycling","volume":"7","author":"Jaitner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Sabo, A, Kafka, P, Litzenberger, S, and Sabo, C Mobile Motion Advisor\u2014A Feedback System for Physical Exercise in Schools."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10640","DOI":"10.3390\/s101210640","article-title":"A server-based mobile coaching system","volume":"10","author":"Baca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"42","article-title":"Training- and contest-scheduling in endurance Sports by means of course profiles and PerPot-based analysis","volume":"5","author":"Perl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Sport"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"117","article-title":"Trainingswirkungsanalyse: Planung und Optimierung mithilfe des antagonistischen Metamodells PerPot [Effectiveness analysis of training: Design and optimization based on the antagonistic meta-model Perpot.]","volume":"2","author":"Perl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Z. Angew. Trainingswissen"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lees, A, Carbello, D, and Torres, G (2008). Science and Racket Sports IV, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203894873"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2005.53","article-title":"Computerized real-time analysis of football games","volume":"4","author":"Beetz","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Pervas. Comput"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"4","article-title":"ASPOGAMO: Automated sports games analysis models","volume":"8","author":"Beetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Sport"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Bangsbo, J, and Peitersen, B (2002). Defensive Soccer Tactics, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iocchi, L, Matsubara, H, Weitzenfeld, A, and Zhou, C (2009). RoboCup 2008: Robot Soccer World Cup XII, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02921-9"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polani, D, Browning, B, Bonarini, A, and Yoshida, K (2004). RoboCup 2003: Robot Soccer World Cup VII, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/b98623"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2008.07.006","article-title":"Analysis and simulation of creativity learning by means of artificial neural networks","volume":"28","author":"Memmert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/10\/9778\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:43Z","timestamp":1760219863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/10\/9778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s111009778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s111009778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,19]]}}}