{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:24:43Z","timestamp":1763641483604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]],"date-time":"2011-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The population of elderly people is increasing rapidly in many developed nations. Providing safe and comfortable care to aging people is an important social goal. Moreover, obtaining correct activity and location information for an elderly person is an important research goal. This work proposes a novel intelligent RFID-based indoor tracking system for elderly people living alone. The proposed system uses environment information for inhabitants and received signal strength of an RFID reader to estimate the probable location of an inhabitant. The proposed system then coordinates with the wireless sensor node of a three-axis accelerometer and uses a genetic algorithm to compute the location of the inhabitant. The proposed system also uses context and gait information to improve inhabitant-tracking accuracy. Experiment results show that the accuracy of the proposed system is better than that of existing RFID-based systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]],"date-time":"2011-10-25T12:46:40Z","timestamp":1319546800000},"page":"10094-10113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Novel Sensor-Assisted RFID-Based Indoor Tracking System for the Elderly Living Alone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chien-Chang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, 510 Chung Cheng Rd., Hsinchuang Dist., New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, 510 Chung Cheng Rd., Hsinchuang Dist., New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Y.J., Kim, I.J., Ahn, S.C., and Kim, H.G. (2008, January 13\u201315). Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensors for Elder Care. Sanya, Hainan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FGCN.2008.165"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090509","article-title":"Congestion-aware, loss-resilient bio-monitoring sensor networking for mobile health applications","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.Y., and Su, J.L. (2007, January 8\u201311). A Middleware of DICOM and Web Service for Home-Based Elder Healthcare Information System. Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAB.2007.4407375"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jimison, H., Jessey, N., McKanna, J., Zitzelberger, T., and Kaye, J. (2006, January 2\u20134). Monitoring Computer Interactions to Detect Early Cognitive Impairment in Elders. Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, D., McLoone, S., Dishongh, T., McGrath, M., and Behan, J. (2008, January 27). Single Access Point Location Tracking for In-Home Health Monitoring. Hannover, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2008.4510353"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, X.H.B., Mascolo, M.D., Gouin, A., and Noury, N. (2007, January 23\u201326). Health Smart Home\u2014Towards an Assistant Tool for Automatic Assessment of the Dependence of Elders. Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353161"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lee, S.W., Kim, Y.J., Lee, G.S., Cho, B.O., and Lee, N.H. (2007, January 17\u201320). A Remote Behavioral Monitoring System for Elders Living Alone. Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2007.12.031","article-title":"Location-based services for elderly and disabled people","volume":"31","author":"Marco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Commun"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S.C., and Gupta, G.S. (2007, January 12\u201313). Sensors and Robotic Environment for Care of the Elderly. Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROSE.2007.4373970"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090511","article-title":"Angelah: A framework for assisting elders at home","volume":"27","author":"Taleb","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Alwan, M., Rajendran, P.J., Kell, S., Mack, D., Dalal, S., Wolfe, M., and Felder, R. (2006, January 24\u201328). A Smart and Passive Floor-Vibration Based Fall Detector for Elderly. Damascus, Syria."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aparicio, S., Perez, J., Bernardos, A.M., and Casar, J.R. (2008, January 20\u201322). A Fusion Method Based on Bluetooth and WLAN Technologies for Indoor Location. Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.2008.4648042"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayase, R., Higashi, T., Takayama, S., Sagawa, S., and Ashida, N. (2008, January 7\u20139). A Method for Supporting At-Home Fitness Exercise Guidance and At-Home Nursing Care for the Elders, Video-Based Simple Measurement System. Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/HEALTH.2008.4600133"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Doukas, C., and Maglogiannis, I. (Feburary, January 30). Advanced Patient or Elder Fall Detection Based on Movement and Sound Data. Tampere, Finland."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shieh, W.Y., and Huang, J.C. (2009, January 25\u201327). Speedup the Multi-Camera Video-Surveillance System for Elder Falling Detection. Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESS.2009.62"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.C., Chiang, C.Y., Lin, P.Y., Chou, Y.C., Kuo, I.T., Huang, C.N., and Chan, C.T. (2008, January 16\u201318). Development of a Fall Detecting System for the Elderly Residents. Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBBE.2008.669"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2008.2005612","article-title":"Activity analysis, summarization, and visualization for indoor human activity monitoring","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Tech"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasution, A.H., and Emmanuel, S. (2007, January 1\u20133). Intelligent Video Surveillance for Monitoring Elderly in Home Environments. Crete, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP.2007.4412853"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2007.911671","article-title":"Inhabitants tracking system in a cluttered home environment via floor load sensors","volume":"5","author":"Liau","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Manley, E.D., Nahas, H.A., and Deogun, J.S. (2006, January 5\u20137). Localization and Tracking in Sensor Systems. Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2008.173","article-title":"Paired measurement localization: A robust approach for wireless localization","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.12.028","article-title":"Introducing a decision tree-based indoor positioning technique","volume":"34","author":"Yim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.05.047","article-title":"Improving of kalman filters for WLAN based indoor tracking","volume":"37","author":"Yim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C.R., Wu, C.L., Lu, C.H., and Fu, L.C. (2006, January 8\u201311). Human Localization via Multi-Cameras and Floor Sensors in Smart Home. Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2006.384726"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2010.04.009","article-title":"RFID-assisted indoor localization and the impact of interference on its performance","volume":"34","author":"Papapostolou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.05.062","article-title":"Improving location awareness in indoor spaces using RFID technology","volume":"37","author":"Tesoriero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiraishi, T., Komuro, N., Ueda, H., Kasai, H., and Tsuboi, T. (2008, January 23\u201325). Indoor Location Estimation Technique Using UHF Band RFID. Busan, Koera.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2008.4472808"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Alippi, C., Cogliati, D., and Vanini, G. (2006, January 12\u201314). A Statistical Approach to Localize Passive RFIDs. Kos, Greece."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W., Yu, D., and Ma, Y. (2006, January 17\u201318). A Tracking Algorithm in RFID Reader Network. Fukushima, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FCST.2006.7"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zah, C.H., and Fezer, S.F. (2008, January 10\u201311). Embedded Sensor Scout Flooring System by Interface Flor. Woburn, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEPRA.2008.4686682"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WINE.0000044029.06344.dd","article-title":"LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID","volume":"10","author":"Ni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Jin, G.Y., Lu, X.Y., and Park, M.S. (2006, January 5\u20137). An Indoor Localization Mechanism Using Active RFID Tag. Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., and Ni, L.M. (2007, January 10\u201314). VIRE: Active RFID-based Localization Using Virtual Reference Elimination. Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPP.2007.84"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekkali, A., Sanson, H., and Matsumoto, M. (2007, January 8\u201310). RFID Indoor Positioning Based on Probabilistic RFID Map and Kalman Filtering. White Plains, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIMOB.2007.4390815"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Shih, S.T., Hsieh, K., and Chen, P.Y. (September, January 30). An Improvement Approach of Indoor Location Sensing Using Active RFID. Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-006-0098-z","article-title":"GETA sandals: A footstep location tracking system","volume":"11","author":"Yeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiq. Comput. J"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.02.109","article-title":"The design and implementation of an intelligent deployment system for RFID readers","volume":"38","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.05.002","article-title":"Optimal layout and deployment for RFID systems","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Informat"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/11\/10094\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:49Z","timestamp":1760219869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/11\/10094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s111110094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s111110094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]]}}}