{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:49:35Z","timestamp":1775666975575,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,30]],"date-time":"2011-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a personal verification method using finger vein is presented. Finger vein can be considered more secured compared to other hands based biometric traits such as fingerprint and palm print because the features are inside the human body. In the proposed method, a new texture descriptor called local line binary pattern (LLBP) is utilized as feature extraction technique. The neighbourhood shape in LLBP is a straight line, unlike in local binary pattern (LBP) which is a square shape. Experimental results show that the proposed method using LLBP has better performance than the previous methods using LBP and local derivative pattern (LDP).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,2]],"date-time":"2011-12-02T01:12:41Z","timestamp":1322788361000},"page":"11357-11371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["Finger Vein Recognition Using Local Line Binary Pattern"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bakhtiar Affendi","family":"Rosdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chai Wuh","family":"Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrel Azmin","family":"Suandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Biometric Group, School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818349","article-title":"An introduction to biometric recognition","volume":"14","author":"Jain","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Video Tech"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.38","article-title":"Fingerprint matching","volume":"43","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.05.010","article-title":"Palmprint verification using binary orientation co-occurrence vector","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Patt. Recogn. Lett"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"682","article-title":"A fingerprint matching algorithm using phase-only correlation","volume":"E87-A","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Fundament. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.06.007","article-title":"Ensemble of local and global information for finger-knuckle-print recognition","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patt. Recogn"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-004-0149-2","article-title":"Feature extraction of finger-vein patterns based on repeated line tracking and its application to personal identification","volume":"15","author":"Miura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mach. Vision Appl"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human finger vein images are diverse and its patterns are useful for personal identification","volume":"12","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"MHF Preprint Ser"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.B., Li, Q., You, J., and Bhattacharya, P. (2007, January 28\u201329). Palm Vein Extraction and Matching for Personal Authentication. Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2009.24040","article-title":"Finger-vein image recognition combining modified hausdorff distance with minutiae feature matching","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.04.021","article-title":"A finger-vein verification system using mean curvature","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patt. Recogn. Lett"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2011.03.004","article-title":"Image restoration of skin scattering and optical blurring for finger vein recognition","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302319","article-title":"New finger biometric method using near infrared imaging","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","article-title":"Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns","volume":"24","author":"Ojala","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2035882","article-title":"Local derivative pattern versus local binary pattern: Face recognition with high-order local pattern descriptor","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2042645","article-title":"Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2010.02.006","article-title":"Local binary patterns variants as texture descriptors for medical image analysis","volume":"49","author":"Nanni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petpon, A., and Srisuk, S. (2009, January 20\u201323). Face Recognition with Local Line Binary Pattern. Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIG.2009.123"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahri, N., Suandi, S.A., and Rosdi, B.A. (2010, January 22). Finger Vein Recognition Algorithm Using Phase Only Correlation. Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETCHB.2010.5559283"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"This method is implemented using the Matlab 7.0 function im2bw."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"This method is implemented using the Matlab 7.0 function graythresh."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"The Matlab implementation is available at the Matlab Central. Available online: http:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/5457 (accessed on 4 November 2011)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.20193","article-title":"Finger vein recognition using minutia-based alignment and local binary pattern-based feature extraction","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Imag. Syst. Tech"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.10.1510.0132","article-title":"Robust facial expression recognition based on local directional Pattern","volume":"32","author":"Jabid","year":"2010","journal-title":"ETRI J"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/12\/11357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:58:11Z","timestamp":1760219891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/12\/11357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s111211357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s111211357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,30]]}}}