{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:55:46Z","timestamp":1791042946206,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we present an energy efficient hierarchical cooperative clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks. Communication cost is a crucial factor in depleting the energy of sensor nodes. In the proposed scheme, nodes cooperate to form clusters at each level of network hierarchy ensuring maximal coverage and minimal energy expenditure with relatively uniform distribution of load within the network. Performance is enhanced by cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication ensuring energy efficiency for WSN deployments over large geographical areas. We test our scheme using TOSSIM and compare the proposed scheme with cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (CMIMO) clustering scheme and traditional multihop Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) routing approach. Performance is evaluated on the basis of number of clusters, number of hops, energy consumption and network lifetime. Experimental results show significant energy conservation and increase in network lifetime as compared to existing schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T12:22:42Z","timestamp":1324556562000},"page":"92-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Energy Efficient Cooperative Hierarchical MIMO Clustering Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Nasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Qaisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hill, J., and Culler, D. Available online: http:\/\/webs.cs.berkeley.edu\/papers\/MICA-ARCH (accessed on 28 October 2011)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, R., Kapchits, B., and Israel, H. (2008, January 16\u201320). Topology maintenance in asynchronous sensor networks. San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2008.71"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siam, M.Z., Krunz, M., and Younis, O. (2009, January 19\u201325). Energy-efficient clustering routing for cooperative MIMO operation in sensor networks. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2009.5061969"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.830916","article-title":"Energy-efficiency of MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Energy efficiency comparison of MIMO-based and multihop sensor networks","volume":"2008","author":"Bravos","year":"2008","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2007.905002","article-title":"Hierarchical cooperation achieves optimal capacity scaling in ad hoc networks","volume":"53","author":"Ozgur","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanicki, K., and van Steen, M. (2009, January 11\u201313). Multi-hop cluster hierarchy maintenance in wireless sensor networks: A case for gossip-based protocols. Cork, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00224-3_7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., and Chung, S. (2010, January 13\u201318). Capacity scaling of wireless ad hoc networks: Effect of finite wavelength. Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2010.5513249"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.09.034","article-title":"Cross-layer design of energy-constrained networks using cooperative MIMO techniques","volume":"86","author":"Cui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"23","article-title":"Utilizing multilayer hierarchical structure in context aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Haque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2011.2114324","article-title":"Distributed clustering using wireless sensor networks","volume":"5","author":"Forero","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2002, January 4\u20137). 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Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/1\/92\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:58:28Z","timestamp":1760219908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/1\/92"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s120100092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120100092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]}}}