{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:08:49Z","timestamp":1761394129264,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) Architecture to be used in developing countries and reveals its usefulness by highlighting some of its key features. In complement to a previous ITU proposal, our architecture referred to as \u201cUbiquitous Sensor Network for Development (USN4D)\u201d integrates in its layers features such as opportunistic data dissemination, long distance deployment and localisation of information to meet the requirements of the developing world. Besides describing some of the most important requirements for the sensor equipment to be used in a USN4D setting, we present the main features and experiments conducted using the \u201cWaspNet\u201d as one of the wireless sensor deployment platforms that meets these requirements. Furthermore, building upon \u201cWaspNet\u201d platform, we present an application to Air pollution Monitoring in the city of Cape Town, in South Africa as one of the first steps towards building community wireless sensor networks (CSN) in the developing world using off-the-shelf sensor equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T17:44:06Z","timestamp":1325699046000},"page":"391-414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Ubiquitous Sensor Networking for Development (USN4D): An Application to Pollution Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Bagula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISAT Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 RSA, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0578-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications \/ ICT for Develoment Laboratory, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costieri 11, Trieste 34151, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Inggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 RSA, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 RSA, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gascon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Libelium, 11 C\/Maria de Luna, Zaragoza 50018, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Salminen, T., and Riekki, J. 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Maui, HI, USA."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/1\/391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:21Z","timestamp":1760219301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/1\/391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s120100391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120100391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]}}}