{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T17:28:17Z","timestamp":1771262897070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,10]],"date-time":"2012-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The specific characteristics of underwater environments introduce new challenges for networking protocols. In this paper, a specialized architecture for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is proposed and evaluated. Experiments are conducted in order to analyze the suitability of this protocol for the subaquatic transmission medium. Moreover, different scheduling techniques are applied to the architecture in order to study their performance. In addition, given the harsh conditions of the underwater medium, different retransmission methods are combined with the scheduling techniques. Finally, simulation results illustrate the performance achievements of the proposed protocol in end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption, showing that this protocol can be very suitable for the underwater medium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,10]],"date-time":"2012-01-10T10:58:44Z","timestamp":1326193124000},"page":"704-731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Underwater Sensor Networks: A New Energy Efficient and Robust Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Salvador","family":"Climent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, Val\u00e8ncia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Vicente","family":"Capella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, Val\u00e8ncia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirvana","family":"Meratnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pervasive Systems, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut ITACA, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Edifici 8G, Val\u00e8ncia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovic, M. (2007). On the relationship between capacity and distance in an underwater acoustic communication channel. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Comput. Commun. Rev, 11.","DOI":"10.1145\/1347364.1347373"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Urick, R. (1983). Principles of Underwater Sound, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akyildiz, I.F., and Vuran Can, M. (2010). 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