{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:01:14Z","timestamp":1778191274293,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bacterial luciferase gene cassette (lux) is unique among bioluminescent bioreporter systems due to its ability to synthesize and\/or scavenge all of the substrate compounds required for its production of light. As a result, the lux system has the unique ability to autonomously produce a luminescent signal, either continuously or in response to the presence of a specific trigger, across a wide array of organismal hosts. While originally employed extensively as a bacterial bioreporter system for the detection of specific chemical signals in environmental samples, the use of lux as a bioreporter technology has continuously expanded over the last 30 years to include expression in eukaryotic cells such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and even human cell lines as well. Under these conditions, the lux system has been developed for use as a biomedical detection tool for toxicity screening and visualization of tumors in small animal models. As the technologies for lux signal detection continue to improve, it is poised to become one of the first fully implantable detection systems for intra-organismal optical detection through direct marriage to an implantable photon-detecting digital chip. This review presents the basic biochemical background that allows the lux system to continuously autobioluminesce and highlights the important milestones in the use of lux-based bioreporters as they have evolved from chemical detection platforms in prokaryotic bacteria to rodent-based tumorigenesis study targets. In addition, the future of lux imaging using integrated circuit microluminometry to image directly within a living host in real-time will be introduced and its role in the development of dose\/response therapeutic systems will be highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T11:57:20Z","timestamp":1326283040000},"page":"732-752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["The Evolution of the Bacterial Luciferase Gene Cassette (lux) as a Real-Time Bioreporter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Close","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Smartt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Ripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Sayler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"},{"name":"The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, 676 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9147","DOI":"10.3390\/s91109147","article-title":"Reporter proteins in whole-cell optical bioreporter detection systems, biosensor integrations, and biosensing applications","volume":"9","author":"Close","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.118.3066.385","article-title":"The requirement of riboflavin phosphate for bacterial luminescence","volume":"118","author":"McElroy","year":"1953","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.40.1.10","article-title":"The luminescent oxidation of reduced riboflavin or reduced riboflavin phosphate in the bacterial luciferin-luciferase reaction","volume":"40","author":"Strehler","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1126\/science.10636771","article-title":"Bacterial bioluminescence: Isolation and expression of the luciferase genes from Vibrio harveyi","volume":"218","author":"Belas","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00174-0","article-title":"Expression of the Photorhabdus luminescens lux genes (luxA, B, C, D, and E) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-005-0211-8","article-title":"Codon optimization of bacterial luciferase (lux) for expression in mammalian cells","volume":"32","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012441","article-title":"Autonomous bioluminescent expression of the bacterial luciferase gene cassette (lux) in a mammalian cell line","volume":"5","author":"Close","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"496","article-title":"Bacterial bioluminescence: Its control and ecological significance","volume":"43","author":"Nealson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.1.123-142.1991","article-title":"Molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence","volume":"55","author":"Meighen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.22.7490-7493.1992","article-title":"The luxR gene product of Vibrio harveyi is a transcriptional activator of the lux promoter","volume":"174","author":"Swartzman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90063-6","article-title":"Bacterial bioluminescence: Isolation and genetic analysis of functions from Vibrio fischeri","volume":"32","author":"Engebrecht","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(94)90879-6","article-title":"Expression of luxCD-E in Anabeaena sp. can replace the use of exogenous aldehyde for in vivo localization of transcription by luxAB","volume":"150","author":"Fernandezpinas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5767","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.10.5767-5773.1990","article-title":"Cloning, organization, and expression of the bioluminescence genes of Xenorhabdus luminescens","volume":"172","author":"Frackman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2983423","article-title":"Measuring gene expression with light","volume":"227","author":"Engebrecht","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.167.1.210-218.1986","article-title":"Regulation of lateral flagella gene transcription in Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"167","author":"Belas","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0686-560","article-title":"Development of a Vibrio bioluminescence gene set to monitor phytopathogenic bacteria during the ongoing disease process in a nondisruptive manner","volume":"4","author":"Shaw","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.12.3641-3644.1991","article-title":"Use of bioluminescence markers to detect Pseudomonas spp. in the rhizosphere","volume":"57","author":"Dunbar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1021\/es9908319","article-title":"Controlled field release of a bioluminescent genetically engineered microorganism for bioremediation process monitoring and control","volume":"34","author":"Ripp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1126\/science.249.4970.778","article-title":"Rapid, sensitive bioluminescent reporter technology for naphthalene exposure and biodegradation","volume":"249","author":"King","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.9.4749-4757.1990","article-title":"Monitoring of naphthalene catabolism by bioluminescence with nah-lux transcriptional fusions","volume":"172","author":"Burlage","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.7.2730-2735.1998","article-title":"A chromosomally based tod-luxCDABE whole-cell reporter for benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene (BTEX) sensing","volume":"64","author":"Applegate","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.7000309","article-title":"A luxCDABE-based bioluminescent bioreporter for the detection of phenol","volume":"29","author":"Ripp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00233-8","article-title":"Improved bacterial SOS promoter::lux fusions for genotoxicity detection","volume":"466","author":"Davidov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat. Res"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin, S., and Gu, M. (2010). Whole Cell Sensing Systems II: Applications, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12853-0"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sen, K., and Ashbolt, N.J. (2011). Environmental Microbiology: Current Technology and Water Applications, Caister Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4589-4594.2000","article-title":"A bioluminescent whole-cell reporter for detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol in soil","volume":"66","author":"Hay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.02.001","article-title":"A simple solid phase assay for the detection of 2,4-D in soil","volume":"62","author":"Toba","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"LaRossa, R. (1998). Methods in Molecular Biology\/Bioluminescence, Humana Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00210-0","article-title":"Specific detection of p-chlorobenzoic acid by Escherichia coli bearing a plasmid-borne fcbA'::lux fusion","volume":"38","author":"Rozen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00182407","article-title":"An algD-lux bioluminescent reporter plasmid to monitor alginate production in biofilms","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, M.L., Paulus, M.J., Jellison, G.E., Sayler, G.S., Nivens, D.E., Dionisi, H.M., Ripp, S., Applegate, B., Patterson, G., and Bolton, E. (2000, January 10\u201313). Bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuits (BBICs): Whole-cell environmental monitoring devices. Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.4271\/2000-01-2420"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00589-07","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae BLYAS, a new bioluminescent bioreporter for detection of androgenic compounds","volume":"73","author":"Eldridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3594-3600.2000","article-title":"Monitoring bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice using a novel luxABCDE construct","volume":"68","author":"Francis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(02)00411-6","article-title":"Antimony bioavailability in mine soils","volume":"124","author":"Flynn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.06.019","article-title":"Fibre-optic bacterial biosensors and their application for the analysis of bioavailable Hg and As in soils and sediments from Aznalcollar mining area in Spain","volume":"22","author":"Ivask","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2256(1996)11:3<171::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Bacterial biosensors for the toxicity assessment of solid waste","volume":"11","author":"Corbisier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.453-458.1998","article-title":"Alcaligenes eutrophus as a bacterial chromate sensor","volume":"64","author":"Peitzsch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.5.1399-1409.2000","article-title":"Regulation of the cnr cobalt and nickel resistance determinant of Ralstonia eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) CH34","volume":"182","author":"Tibazarwa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0852-0","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal bioavailability using Escherichia coli zntAp::lux and copAp::lux based biosensors","volume":"57","author":"Riether","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-011-0997-5","article-title":"Detection of dichloromethane with a bioluminescent (lux) bacterial bioreporter","volume":"39","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00169-3","article-title":"A panel of stress-responsive luminous bacteria for the detection of selected classes of toxicants","volume":"31","author":"Belkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wat. Res"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.7.2566-2571.1997","article-title":"Detection of DNA damage by use of Escherichia coli carrying recA'-lux, uvrA'-lux, or alkA'-lux reporter plasmids","volume":"63","author":"Vollmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3390\/s8021297","article-title":"Construction of a nrdA::luxCDABE fusion and its use in Escherichia coli as a DNA damage biosensor","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5496","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.19.5496-5505.2001","article-title":"LuxArray, a high-density, genomewide transcription analysis of Escherichia coli using bioluminescent reporter strains","volume":"183","author":"DeRose","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.8.4455-4460.2005","article-title":"Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BLYES expressing bacterial bioluminescence for rapid, sensitive detection of estrogenic compounds","volume":"71","author":"Sanseverino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007683","article-title":"Detection of radiation effects using recombinant bioluminescent Escherichia coli strains","volume":"39","author":"Min","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1021\/bp960015u","article-title":"Characterization of the stress response of a bioluminescent biological sensor in batch and continuous cultures","volume":"12","author":"Rupani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.20.6001-6004.1995","article-title":"Synergistic induction of the heat shock response in Escherichia coli by simultaneous treatment with chemical inducers","volume":"177","author":"Reed","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1021\/es1031757","article-title":"Improvement of the identification of four heavy metals in environmental samples by using predictive decision tree models coupled with a set of five bioluminescent bacteria","volume":"45","author":"Jouanneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7639","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.24.7639-7642.1999","article-title":"Evidence that expression of the Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin gene is dependent on cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP receptor protein","volume":"181","author":"Bang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.7.2252-2256.1996","article-title":"Oxidative stress detection with Escherichia coli harboring a katG'::lux fusion","volume":"62","author":"Belkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_18040593.x","article-title":"Photonic detection of bacterial pathogens in living hosts","volume":"18","author":"Contag","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"352","article-title":"Measurement of iron-dependence of pupA promoter activity by a pup-lux bioreporter","volume":"7","author":"Khang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.3.778-783.1996","article-title":"Use of an ipb-lux fusion to study regulation of the isopropylbenzene catabolism operon of Pseudomonas putida RE204 and to detect hydrophobic pollutants in the environment","volume":"62","author":"Selifonova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-009-9978-y","article-title":"Lead bioavailability in soil and soil components","volume":"202","author":"Magrisso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1021\/es103016x","article-title":"Bioavailable mercury cycling in polar snowpacks","volume":"45","author":"Larose","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.06.002","article-title":"Direct quantification of N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone in culture supernatant using a whole-cell bioreporter","volume":"68","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.6.1839-1846.1992","article-title":"Specific and quantitative assessment of naphthalene and salicylate bioavailability by using a bioluminescent catabolic reporter bacterium","volume":"58","author":"Heitzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.12.029","article-title":"Assessing nickel bioavailability in smelter-contaminated soils","volume":"367","author":"Everhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Detection of nitrate\/nitrite bioavailability in wastewater using a luxCDABE-based Klebsiella oxytoca bioluminescent bioreporter","volume":"17","author":"Ripp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-1168-4","article-title":"Construction of a sodA::luxCDABE fusion Escherichia coli: Comparison with a katG fusion strain through their responses to oxidative stresses","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.12.5023-5026.1998","article-title":"Construction of a bioluminescent reporter strain to detect polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"64","author":"Layton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Ripp, S., Applegate, B., Nivens, D.E., Simpson, M.L., and Sayler, G.S. (2000, January 12\u201317). Advances in whole-cell bioluminescent bioreporters for environmental monitoring and chemical sensing. Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.01.006","article-title":"Construction of a novel bioluminescent reporter system for investigating Shiga toxin expression of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"478","author":"Shimizu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09298.x","article-title":"Detection and quantification of tetracyclines by whole cell biosensors","volume":"190","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8486","DOI":"10.1021\/es801489a","article-title":"Toxicant identification by a luminescent bacterial bioreporter panel: Application of pattern classification algorithms","volume":"42","author":"Elad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin, S., and Gu, M.B. (2010). Whole Cell Sensing Systems I: Reporter Cells and Devices, Springer. Volume 117.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12362-7"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5049","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.12.5049-5052.1998","article-title":"Induction of the tod operon by trichloroethylene in Pseudomonas putida TVA8","volume":"64","author":"Shingleton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Burlage, R.S., Patek, D.R., and Everman, K.R. Method for Detection of Buried Explosives Using a Biosensor, U.S. Patent 5,972,638, October 1999."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.10.3927-3931.1998","article-title":"Bacterial stress response to 1-megahertz pulsed ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles","volume":"64","author":"Vollmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051320","article-title":"A Pseudomonas aeruginosa biosensor responds to exposure to ultraviolet radiation","volume":"50","author":"Elasri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-011-9184-8","article-title":"UV and arsenate toxicity: A specific and sensitive yeast bioluminescence assay","volume":"27","author":"Bakhrat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570047","article-title":"Cyanobacteria carrying an smt-lux transcriptional fusion as biosensors for the detection of heavy metal cations","volume":"17","author":"Erbe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.1170050204","article-title":"Fusion of luxA and luxB and its expression in Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"5","author":"Almashanu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biolumin. Chemilumin"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(89)90195-9","article-title":"Active bacterial luciferase from a fused gene: Expression of a Vibrio harveyi luxAB translational fusion in bacteria, yeast and plant cells","volume":"81","author":"Kirchner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00331295","article-title":"The use of the luxA gene of the bacterial luciferase operon as a reporter gene","volume":"215","author":"Olsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Close, D., Hahn, R., Ripp, S., and Sayler, G.S. (2011, January 15\u201317). Determining toxicant bioavailability using a constitutively bioluminescent human cell line. Oak Rige, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSEC.2011.5872321"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12441","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3564910","article-title":"Comparison of human optimized bacterial luciferase, firefly luciferase, and green fluorescent protein for continuous imaging of cell culture and animal models","volume":"16","author":"Close","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craney, A., Hohenauer, T., Xu, Y., Navani, N.K., Li, Y.F., and Nodwell, J. (2007). A synthetic luxCDABE gene cluster optimized for expression in high-GC bacteria. Nucleic Acids Res.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm086"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-4266-7","article-title":"Upgrading bioluminescent bacterial bioreporter performance by splitting the lux operon","volume":"400","author":"Belkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.02114.x","article-title":"Bioluminescent bioreporter integrated circuits: Potentially small, rugged and inexpensive whole-cell biosensors for remote environmental monitoring","volume":"96","author":"Nivens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Mitchell, R., and Gu, J. (2010). Environmental Microbiology, Wiley-Blackwell. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.10.064","article-title":"A bioreporter bioluminescent integrated circuit for very low-level chemical sensing in both gas and liquid environments","volume":"123","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. B-Chem"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(98)01199-8","article-title":"Bioluminescent-bioreporter integrated circuits form novel whole-cell biosensors","volume":"16","author":"Simpson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/1\/732\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:27Z","timestamp":1760219307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/1\/732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s120100732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120100732","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]]}}}