{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:27:32Z","timestamp":1773322052504,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pervasive use of wireless sensors in a growing spectrum of human activities reinforces the need for devices with low energy dissipation. In this work, coded communication between a couple of wireless sensor devices is considered as a method to reduce the dissipated energy per transmitted bit with respect to uncoded communication. Different Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are considered to this purpose and post layout results are shown for a low-area low-energy decoder, which offers percentage energy savings with respect to the uncoded solution in the range of 40%\u201380%, depending on considered environment, distance and bit error rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T11:20:07Z","timestamp":1328527207000},"page":"1529-1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An LDPC Decoder Architecture for Wireless Sensor Network Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrea Dario Giancarlo","family":"Biroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Martina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Masera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: A survey","volume":"52","author":"Alkyldiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Telecommun. Netw"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VLSI.0000017004.57230.91","article-title":"Design considerations for energy-efficient radios in wireless microsensor networks","volume":"37","author":"Shih","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. VLSI Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/WCN\/2006\/74812","article-title":"Error control coding in low-power wireless sensor networks: When is ECC energy-efficient?","volume":"2006","author":"Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maunder, R.G., Weddell, A.S., Merrett, G.V., Al-Hashimi, B.M., and Hanzo, L. (2008, January 3\u20137). Iterative decoding for redistributing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. Saint Paul, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2008.ECP.36"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"233","article-title":"An energy-efficient error correction scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs), IEEE Standard for Information technology, Telecommunications and information exchange between systems, Local and metropolitan area networks Specific requirements 2006; Part 15.4."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Benedetto, S., and Biglieri, E. (1999). Principles of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, T., and Urbanke, R. (2008). Modern Coding Theory, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511791338"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Li, L., Maunder, R.G., Al-Hashimi, B.M., and Hanzo, L. (2010). A low-complexity turbo decoder architecture for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst, in press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/18.748992","article-title":"Good error-correcting codes based on very sparse matrices","volume":"45","author":"MacKay","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2007.908517","article-title":"Generic description and synthesis of LDPC decoders","volume":"55","author":"Guilloud","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hocevar, D.E. (2004, January 13\u201315). A reduced complexity decoder architecture via layered decoding of LDPC codes. Austin, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2005.852852","article-title":"Reduced-complexity decoding of LDPC codes","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1109\/4.987093","article-title":"A 690-mW 1-Gb\/s 1024-b, rate-1\/2 low-density parity-check code decoder","volume":"37","author":"Banksby","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaglio, F., Vacca, F., Castellano, C., Tarable, A., and Masera, G. (2006, January 6\u201310). Interconnection framework for high-throughput, flexible LDPC decoders. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2006.243815"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moussa, H., Baghdadi, A., and Jezequel, M. (2008, January 9\u201313). Binary de bruijn on-chip network for a flexible multiprocessor LDPC decoder. Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1391469.1391582"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Shih, X.Y., Zhan, C.Z., and Wu, A.Y. (2008, January 3\u20135). A 7.39 mm2 76 mW (1944, 972) LDPC Decoder Chip for IEEE 802.11n Applications. Fukuoka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, S., Schreger, M., Kabutz, M., Alles, M., Kienle, F., and Wehn, N. (2009, January 20\u201324). A novel LDPC decoder for DVB-S2 IP. Nice, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2009.5090867"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2125030","article-title":"An 847-955 Mb\/s 342-397 mW dual-path fully-overlapped QC-LDPC decoder for WiMAX system in 0.13 \u03bcm CMOS","volume":"46","author":"Xiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Lechner, G., Sayir, J., and Rupp, M. (2004, January 17\u201321). Efficient DSP implementation of an LDPC decoder. Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2010.2050144","article-title":"Energy efficient scheduling for cluster-tree wireless sensor networks with time-bounded data flows: Application to IEEE 802.15.4\/ZigBee","volume":"6","author":"Hanzalek","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2049869","article-title":"Feedback-based clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks: A control theoretic approach","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3868","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2010.2040630","article-title":"Guaranteeing real-time services for industrial wireless sensor networks with IEEE 802.15.4","volume":"57","author":"Yoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2060189","article-title":"An implementation of decentralized consensus building in sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.05.0905.0015","article-title":"Design of encoder and decoder for LDPC codes using hybrid H-matrix","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"ETRI J"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2010.150","article-title":"Using lossless data compression in data storage systems: Not for saving space","volume":"60","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Rappaport, T.S. (1996). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1109\/26.871391","article-title":"Gallager codes for CDMA applications\u2014Part I: Generalizations, constructions and performance bounds","volume":"48","author":"Sorokine","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1109\/26.886472","article-title":"Gallager codes for CDMA applications\u2014Part II: Implementations, complexity and system capacity","volume":"48","author":"Sorokine","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2000). Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. IEEE P802.16e\/D12."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"MacKay LDPC codes database Available online: http:\/\/www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk\/mackay\/codes\/data.html (accessed on 29 January 2012)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dielissen, J., Hekstra, A., and Berg, V. (2006, January 6\u201310). Low cost LDPC decoder for DVB-S2. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2006.243816"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulimeno, A., Graziano, M., and Piccinini, G. (2011). UDSM trends comparison: From technology roadmap to UltraSparc Niagara2. IEEE Trans. VLSI syst, in press.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2011.2148183"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Shih, X.Y., Zhan, C.Z., and Wu, A.Y. (2008, January 3\u20135). A 7.39 mm2 76 mW LDPC decoder chip for IEEE 802.11n applications. Fukuoka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2010.2042255","article-title":"An efficient 10G BASE-T ethernet LDPC decoder design with low error floors","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, R.S. (2010, January 6\u201313). Standards-based wireless sensor networking protocols for spaceflight applications. Dallas, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2010.5446672"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taris, T., Mabrouki, A., Kraimia, H., Deval, Y., and Begueret, J. (2010, January 12\u201315). Reconfigurable ultra low power LNA for 2.4GHz wireless sensor networks. Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECS.2010.5724457"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1049\/ce:20040206","article-title":"True broadband for the countryside","volume":"2","author":"Sydor","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Eng"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Aguiar, A., and Gross, J. (2003). Wireless Channel Models, Telecommunications Networks Group, Technische Universitat Berlin. Technical Report TKN-03-007,."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/2\/1529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:46Z","timestamp":1760219326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/2\/1529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s120201529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120201529","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]}}}