{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:14:21Z","timestamp":1760404461420,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]],"date-time":"2012-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a study of an electrical model of electromechanically active carbon-polymer composite (CPC) with carbide-derived carbon (CDC) electrodes. The major focus is on investigation of surface electrode behavior upon external bending of the material. We show that electrical impedance measured from the surface of the CDC-based CPC can be used to determine the curvature of the material and, hence, the tip displacement of a CPC laminate in a cantilever configuration. It is also shown that by measuring surface signals in the process of an actuator\u2019s work-cycle, we obtain a self-sensing collision-detecting CPC actuator that can be considered as a counterpart of biomimetic vibrissae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]],"date-time":"2012-02-10T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1328872998000},"page":"1950-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Electrical Model of a Carbon-Polymer Composite (CPC) Collision Detector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1720-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Kruusam\u00e4e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Punning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvo","family":"Aabloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Cohen, Y. (2004). Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles\u2014Reality, Potential, and Challenges, SPIE Press. [2nd ed].","DOI":"10.1117\/3.547465"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Bending of an ion-conducting polymer film-electrode composite by an electric stimulus at low voltage","volume":"5","author":"Oguro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Micromach. Soc"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/10\/4\/327","article-title":"Ionic polymer-metal composites. I. Fundamentals","volume":"10","author":"Shahinpoor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90561-9","article-title":"Multi-whisker stimulation and its effects on vibrissa units in rat sml barrel cortex","volume":"276","author":"Simons","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)83328-1","article-title":"Functional architecture of the mystacial vibrissae","volume":"84","author":"Brecht","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200462318","article-title":"Fully plastic actuator through layer-by-layer casting with ionic-liquid-based bucky gel","volume":"117","author":"Fukushima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angew. Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm01729a","article-title":"Electroactive polymer actuators with carbon aerogel electrodes","volume":"21","author":"Palmre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1340","article-title":"Carbon nanotube actuators","volume":"284","author":"Baughman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.03.034","article-title":"Flexible supercapacitor-like actuator with carbide-derived carbon electrodes","volume":"49","author":"Torop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alici, G., Devaud, V., Renaud, P., and Spinks, G. (2009). Conducting polymer microactuators operating in air. J. Micromech. Microeng, 19.","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/19\/2\/025017"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2003.10.005","article-title":"Long-life air working conducting semi-IPN\/ionic liquid based actuator","volume":"142","author":"Vidal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Synth. Met"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4674","DOI":"10.3390\/s110504674","article-title":"A novel ionic polymer metal ZnO composite (IPMZC)","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beguin, F., and Frackowiak, E. (2009). Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420055405"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2759","article-title":"Ionic polymer-metal composite mechanoelectrical transduction: Review and perspectives","volume":"59","author":"Pugal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Int"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2011.09.010","article-title":"A carbide-derived carbon laminate used as a mechanoelectrical sensor","volume":"50","author":"Must","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bar-Cohen, Y. (2011). Biomimetics: Nature-Based Innovation, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.10.007","article-title":"Electromechanical behavior of fully plastic actuators based on bucky gel containing various internal ionic liquids","volume":"54","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2009.2015641","article-title":"A camera based method for the measurement of motion parameters of IPMC actuators","volume":"58","author":"Tsiakmakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leang, K.K., Shan, Y., Song, S., and Kim, K.J. (2011). Integrated sensing for IPMC actuators using strain gages for underwater applications. IEEE ASME Trans. Mech.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2105885"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2752","article-title":"Self-sensing ionic polymer-metal composite actuating device with patterned surface electrodes","volume":"59","author":"Brunetto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Int"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruusam\u00e4e, K., Brunetto, P., Punning, A., Kodu, M., Jaaniso, R., Graziani, S., Fortuna, L., and Aabloo, A. (2011). Electromechanical model for a self-sensing ionic polymer-metal composite actuating device with patterned surface electrodes. Smart Mater. Struct, 20.","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/12\/124001"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.10.076","article-title":"A self-sensing dielectric elastomer actuator","volume":"143","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.1994.1298","article-title":"Simultaneous piezoelectric sensing\/actuation: Analysis and application to controlled structures","volume":"174","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sound Vibrat"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17982","DOI":"10.1021\/jp106232s","article-title":"Electromechanical analysis by means of complex capacitance of bucky-gel actuators based on single-walled carbon nanotubes and an ionic liquid","volume":"114","author":"Randriamahazaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.03.034","article-title":"Experimental identification of IPMC actuator parameters through incorporation of linear and nonlinear least squares methods","volume":"168","author":"Vahabi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/1\/001","article-title":"A nonlinear model for ionic polymer metal composites as actuators","volume":"16","author":"Bonomo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X03034976","article-title":"Linear electromechanical model of ionic polymer transducers. Part 1: Model development","volume":"14","author":"Newbury","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X09337170","article-title":"A distributed model of ionomeric polymer metal composite","volume":"20","author":"Punning","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2006.03.010","article-title":"Surface resistance experiments with IPMC sensors and actuators","volume":"133","author":"Punning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/2\/1950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:51Z","timestamp":1760219331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/2\/1950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s120201950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120201950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,10]]}}}