{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:08:13Z","timestamp":1761059293243,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]],"date-time":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prevalent incidents support the notion that toxins, produced by bacteria, fungi, plants or animals are increasingly responsible for food poisoning or intoxication. Owing to their high toxicity some toxins are also regarded as potential biological warfare agents. Accordingly, control, detection and neutralization of toxic substances are a considerable economic burden to food safety, health care and military biodefense. The present contribution describes a new versatile instrument and related procedures for array-based simultaneous detection of bacterial and plant toxins using a bioanalytical platform which combines the specificity of covalently immobilized capture probes with a dedicated instrumentation and immuno-based microarray analytics. The bioanalytical platform consists of a microstructured polymer slide serving both as support of printed arrays and as incubation chamber. The platform further includes an easy-to-operate instrument for simultaneous slide processing at selectable assay temperature. Cy5 coupled streptavidin is used as unifying fluorescent tracer. Fluorescence image analysis and signal quantitation allow determination of the toxin\u2019s identity and concentration. The system\u2019s performance has been investigated by immunological detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin type A (BoNT\/A), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and the plant toxin ricin. Toxins were detectable at levels as low as 0.5\u20131 ng\u00b7mL\u22121 in buffer or in raw milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]],"date-time":"2012-02-21T11:10:48Z","timestamp":1329822648000},"page":"2324-2339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A Bioanalytical Platform for Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Biological Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Oliver G.","family":"Weingart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Toxinology Group, SPIEZ LABORATORY, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrayon Biotechnology SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Crevoisier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrayon Biotechnology SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Heitger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrayon Biotechnology SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Avondet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxinology Group, SPIEZ LABORATORY, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Sigrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrayon Biotechnology SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00286.x","article-title":"Foodborne illness: Is it on the rise?","volume":"68","author":"Nyachuba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. 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