{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T20:12:21Z","timestamp":1782504741657,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]],"date-time":"2012-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been a lot of interest in recent years in using inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) to monitor movement disorder motion and monitor the efficacy of treatment options. Two of the most prominent movement disorders, which are under evaluation in this research paper, are essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). These movement disorders are first evaluated to show that ET and PD motion often depict more (tremor) motion content in the 3\u201312 Hz frequency band of interest than control data and that such tremor motion can be characterized using inertial sensors. As well, coherence analysis is used to compare between pairs of many of the six degrees-of-freedom of motions under evaluation, to determine the similarity in tremor motion for the various degrees-of-freedom at different frequency bands of interest. It was quite surprising that this coherence analysis depicts that there is a statistically significant relationship using coherence analysis when differentiating between control and effectively medicated PD motion. The statistical analysis uncovers the novel finding that PD medication induced dyskinesia is depicted within coherence data from inertial signals. Dyskinesia is involuntary motion or the absence of intended motion, and it is a common side effect among medicated PD patients. The results show that inertial sensors can be used to differentiate between effectively medicated PD motion and control motion; such a differentiation can often be difficult to perform with the human eye because effectively medicated PD patients tend to not produce much tremor. As well, the finding that PD motion, when well medicated, does still differ significantly from control motion allows for researchers to quantify potential deficiencies in the use of medication. By using inertial sensors to spot such deficiencies, as outlined in this research paper, it is hoped that medications with even a larger degree of efficacy can be created in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]],"date-time":"2012-03-12T12:07:51Z","timestamp":1331554071000},"page":"3512-3527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Inertial Sensing to Determine Movement Disorder Motion Present before and after Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wesley J. E.","family":"Teskey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elhabiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Public Works Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon st, Abbasiya sq, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"El-Sheimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, 2500 University Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1022","article-title":"Risk of tremor and impairment from tremor in relatives of patients with essential tremor: A community-based family study","volume":"49","author":"Louis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Tremor","volume":"68","author":"Smaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Phys"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)00991-9","article-title":"Essential tremor","volume":"4","author":"Louis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199603000-00002","article-title":"Clinical neurophysiology of tremor","volume":"13","author":"Deuschl","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Elble, R.J., and Koller, W.C. (1990). Tremor, The John Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2008.06.018","article-title":"Multi-features fusion diagnosis of tremor based on artificial neural network and D-S evidence theory","volume":"88","author":"Ai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2006.06.014","article-title":"The classification of human tremor signals using an artificial neural network","volume":"33","author":"Engin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson, M.A., Powell, H.C., Frysinger, R.C., Huss, D.S., Elias, W.J., Lach, J., and Brown, C.L. (2007, January 8\u20139). Teager Energy Assessment of Tremor Severity in Clinical Application of Wearable Inertial Sensors. Bethesda, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSA.2007.4400903"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Goswami, J.C., and Chan, A.K. (1999). Fundamentals of Wavelets: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Matlab (computational environment) Help Documentation. scal2frq function. 2010. Available Online: http:\/\/matlab.izmiran.ru\/help\/toolbox\/wavelet\/scal2frq.html (accessed on 13 July 2010)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(96)00009-0","article-title":"A framework for the analysis of mixed time series\/point process data\u2014Theory and application to the study of physiological tremor, single motor unit discharges and electromyograms","volume":"64","author":"Halliday","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2033471","article-title":"Monitoring motion fluctuations in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease using wearable sensors","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2006622","article-title":"On-Body inertial sensing and signal processing for clinical assessment of tremor","volume":"3","author":"Powell","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Teskey, W.J., Elhabiby, M., and El-Sheimy, N. (2011., January 26\u201329). Adaptive Human Tremor Assessment and Attenuation: Six Degree-of-Freedom Motion Analysis Utilizing Wavelets. Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.875664","article-title":"Quaternion-based extended Kalman filter for determining orientation by inertial and magnetic sensing","volume":"53","author":"Sabatini","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Shin, E.H. (2005). Estimation Techniques for Low Cost Inertial Navigation, Ph.D. Dissertation,."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Brown, R.G., and Hwang, P.Y.C. (1997). Introduction to Random Signals and Applied Kalman Filtering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gelb, A. (1974). Applied Optimal Estimation, MIT Press. [5th ed]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-2004-16102","article-title":"Pathological tremor management: Monitoring, compensatory technology and evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Rocon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Technol. Disabil"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallat, S. (1998). A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012466606-1\/50008-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogden, R.T. (1997). Essential Wavelets for Statistical Applications and Data Analysis, Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0709-2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_22.1","unstructured":"ST Microelectronics. LIS3L06AL MEMS Inertial Sensor Data Sheet, 2006"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_22.2","unstructured":"pp. 1-17. Available online: http:\/\/www.st.com\/stonline\/products\/literature\/ds\/11669.pdf (accessed on 13 July 2010)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Epson Toyocom. XV-8100CB Ultra Miniature Size Gyro Sensor Data Sheet, 2007; pp. 1\u20132. Available online: http:\/\/www.frank-schulte.com\/media\/Pdf\/XV-8100CB_E06X.pdf (accessed on 13 July 2010)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Teskey, W.J.E., Elhabiby, M., and El-Sheimy, N. (2011, January 26\u201329). Movement Disorders Assessment and Attenuation Techniques for Removal of Tremor. Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, A.S., Bodenheimer, R.E., Davis, T.L., Li, R., Voight, C., and Dawant, B.M. (2008, January 20\u201324). Quatifying Drug Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients using Standardized Videos. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649520"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probability plotting methods for the analysis of data","volume":"55","author":"Gnanadesikan","year":"1968","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Walpole, R.E., Myers, R.H., Myers, S.L., and Ye, K. (2002). Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Prentice Hall. [7th ed]."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"28","article-title":"The generalization of \u201cStudent\u2019s\u201d problem when several different population variances are involved","volume":"34","author":"Welch","year":"1947","journal-title":"Biometrika"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/3\/3512\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:21Z","timestamp":1760219361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/3\/3512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s120303512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120303512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]}}}