{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:32:47Z","timestamp":1760243567577,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]],"date-time":"2012-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The expected errors of RADAR sensor networks with linear probabilistic location fingerprints inside buildings with varying Wi-Fi Gaussian strength are discussed. As far as we know, the statistical errors of equal and unequal-weighted RADAR networks have been suggested as a better way to evaluate the behavior of different system parameters and the deployment of reference points (RPs). However, up to now, there is still not enough related work on the relations between the statistical errors, system parameters, number and interval of the RPs, let alone calculating the correlated analytical expressions of concern. Therefore, in response to this compelling problem, under a simple linear distribution model, much attention will be paid to the mathematical relations of the linear expected errors, number of neighbors, number and interval of RPs, parameters in logarithmic attenuation model and variations of radio signal strength (RSS) at the test point (TP) with the purpose of constructing more practical and reliable RADAR location sensor networks (RLSNs) and also guaranteeing the accuracy requirements for the location based services in future ubiquitous context-awareness environments. Moreover, the numerical results and some real experimental evaluations of the error theories addressed in this paper will also be presented for our future extended analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]],"date-time":"2012-03-15T12:02:16Z","timestamp":1331812936000},"page":"3605-3626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["On the Statistical Errors of RADAR Location Sensor Networks with Built-In Wi-Fi Gaussian Linear Fingerprints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Research Center, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Research Center, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Research Center, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Research Center, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8569","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908569","article-title":"Weighted Least Squares Techniques for Improved Received Signal Strength Based Localization","volume":"11","author":"Bernardos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2003.819613","article-title":"On The Accuracy of A Cellular Location System Based on RSS Measurements","volume":"52","author":"Weiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503695","article-title":"A Hybrid Stochastic Approach for Self-Location of Wireless Sensors in Indoor Environments","volume":"9","author":"Lloret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2010.5606338","article-title":"Robust Indoor Positioning Using Differential Wi-Fi Access Points","volume":"56","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.84","article-title":"Time-Space Sampling and Mobile Device Calibration for Wi-Fi Indoor Location Systems","volume":"10","author":"Figuera","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.848","article-title":"Simulations and Experiments for Optimal Deployment of An RFID-Based Location-Aware System","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2002.993780","article-title":"GPS: Location-Tracking Technology","volume":"35","author":"Bajaj","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Comput"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19990124","article-title":"Degradation in Position Accuracy in GPS\/GLONASS System during Meteor Shower of 18 November 1998","volume":"35","author":"Banerjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electron. Lett"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2024591","article-title":"Nonlinear Tracking-Differentiator for Velocity Determination Using Carrier Phase Measurements","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2023342","article-title":"Positioning Accuracy Improvement with Differential Correlation","volume":"3","author":"Schmid","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2009.2023352","article-title":"A GPS Receiver for High-Altitude Satellite Navigation","volume":"3","author":"Winternitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Prasithsangaree, P., Krishnamurthy, P., and Chrysanthis, P. (2002, January 15\u201318). On Indoor Position Location with Wireless LANs. Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2002.804844","article-title":"Optimization Methods for Optimal Transmitter Locations in A Mobile Wireless System","volume":"51","author":"Varela","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y.B., Zhou, M., Meng, W.X., and Ma, L. (2010, January 6\u201310). Optimal KNN Positioning Algorithm via Theoretical Accuracy Criterion in WLAN Indoor Environment. Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2010.5683804"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.70764","article-title":"Learning Adaptive Temporal Radio Maps for Signal-Strength-Based Location Estimation","volume":"7","author":"Jie","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-4132.2010.05.028","article-title":"Multilayer ANN Indoor Location System with Area Division in WLAN Environment","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Syst. Eng. Electron"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bahl, P., and Padmanabhan, V.N. (2000, January 26\u201330). RADAR: An In-Building RF-Based User Location and Tracking System. Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013767926256","article-title":"The Anatomy of A Context-Aware Application","volume":"8","author":"Harter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wirel Netw"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2002.1043849","article-title":"Location Sensing and Privacy in A Context-Aware Computing Environment","volume":"9","author":"Smailagic","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel.Commun"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Castro, P., Chiu, P., Kremenek, T., and Muntz, R. (October, January 30). A Probabilistic Room Location Service for Wireless Networked Environments. Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Youssef, M.A., Agrawala, A., and Shankar, A.U. (2003, January 23\u201326). WLAN Location Determination via Clustering and Probability Distributions. Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Smith, A., Balakrishnan, H., Goraczko, M., and Priyantha, N. (, January June). Tracking Moving Devices with The Cricket Location System. Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2008.04.005","article-title":"An Effective Location Fingerprint Model for Wireless Indoor Localization","volume":"4","author":"Swangmuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"135","article-title":"Markov Localization of Wireless Local Area Network Clients","volume":"2928","author":"Wallbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lect. Note. Comput. Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1017","article-title":"Kernel-Based Positioning in Wireless Local Area Networks","volume":"6","author":"Kushki","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2036060","article-title":"Low Complexity Location Fingerprinting with Generalized UWB Energy Detection Receivers","volume":"58","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Sign. Proc"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2009.141","article-title":"Intelligent Dynamic Radio Tracking in Indoor Wireless Local Area Networks","volume":"9","author":"Kushki","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.070373","article-title":"A Novel Algorithm for Multipath Fingerprinting in Indoor WLAN Environments","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"64","article-title":"Radio-Map Establishment Based on Fuzzy Clustering for WLAN Hybrid KNN\/ANN Indoor Positioning","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"China Communications"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.05.090061","article-title":"Cooperative Multi-Radio Localization in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.05.006","article-title":"A Comprehensive Multi-Factor Analysis on RFID Localization Capability","volume":"25","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Harbin Institute of Technology. HITWLAN V1.0. China Patent 2010SR013873, 26 March 2010."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/3\/3605\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:25Z","timestamp":1760219365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/3\/3605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s120303605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120303605","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,15]]}}}