{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:45:17Z","timestamp":1773683117396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,10]],"date-time":"2012-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the particularities of the underwater environment, some negative factors will seriously interfere with data transmission rates, reliability of data communication, communication range, and network throughput and energy consumption of underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). Thus, full consideration of node energy savings, while maintaining a quick, correct and effective data transmission, extending the network life cycle are essential when routing protocols for underwater sensor networks are studied. In this paper, we have proposed a novel routing algorithm for UWSNs. To increase energy consumption efficiency and extend network lifetime, we propose a time-slot based routing algorithm (TSR).We designed a probability balanced mechanism and applied it to TSR. The theory of network coding is introduced to TSBR to meet the requirement of further reducing node energy consumption and extending network lifetime. Hence, time-slot based balanced network coding (TSBNC) comes into being. We evaluated the proposed time-slot based balancing routing algorithm and compared it with other classical underwater routing protocols. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol can reduce the probability of node conflicts, shorten the process of routing construction, balance energy consumption of each node and effectively prolong the network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120404559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,10]],"date-time":"2012-04-10T11:09:50Z","timestamp":1334056190000},"page":"4559-4577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Network Coding Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huayang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.1145","article-title":"A QoE Management System to Improve the IPTV Network","volume":"24","author":"Lloret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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