{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:38:29Z","timestamp":1783010309860,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High precision positioning technology for a kind of high speed maglev train with an electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system is studied. At first, the basic structure and functions of the position sensor are introduced and some key techniques to enhance the positioning precision are designed. Then, in order to further improve the positioning signal quality and the fault-tolerant ability of the sensor, a new kind of discrete-time tracking differentiator (TD) is proposed based on nonlinear optimal control theory. This new TD has good filtering and differentiating performances and a small calculation load. It is suitable for real-time signal processing. The stability, convergence property and frequency characteristics of the TD are studied and analyzed thoroughly. The delay constant of the TD is figured out and an effective time delay compensation algorithm is proposed. Based on the TD technology, a filtering process is introduced in to improve the positioning signal waveform when the sensor is under bad working conditions, and a two-sensor switching algorithm is designed to eliminate the positioning errors caused by the joint gaps of the long stator. The effectiveness and stability of the sensor and its signal processing algorithms are proved by the experiments on a test train during a long-term test run.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120505225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]],"date-time":"2012-04-26T11:04:10Z","timestamp":1335438250000},"page":"5225-5245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A High Precision Position Sensor Design and Its Signal Processing Algorithm for a Maglev Train"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wensen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Liu, H.Q. (1995). Transrapid, University of Electronic Since and Technology of China Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wu, X.M. (2003). Maglev Train, Shanghai Science and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11774","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211774","article-title":"Electromagnetic imaging methods for nondestructive evaluation applications","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.3390\/s110302525","article-title":"Non-destructive techniques based on eddy current testing","volume":"11","author":"Javier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7773","DOI":"10.3390\/s110807773","article-title":"A review of optical NDT technologies","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8696","DOI":"10.3390\/s100908696","article-title":"Inverse problem in nondestructive testing using arrayed eddy current sensors","volume":"10","author":"Abdelhalim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Song, X., Dai, C., and Long, Z. (2010, January 7\u20139). Research on location and speed detection for high speed maglev train based on long stator. Jinan, China. Volume 7."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.3390\/s110707204","article-title":"Research on the filtering algorithm in speed and position detection of maglev trains","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhong, Q. (2004). Modern Control Theory, Higher Education Press."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Han, J.Q. (2008). Active Disturbance Rejection Control Technique\u2014The Technique for Estimating and Compensating the Uncertainties, National Defense Industry Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2008.2011621","article-title":"From PID to active disturbance rejection control","volume":"56","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"724","article-title":"The application of tracking differentiator in allocation of zero","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"127","article-title":"A high-speed nonlinear discrete tracking-differentiator with high precision","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Xie, Y.D., Long, Z.Q., Li, J., Zhang, K., and Luo, K. (2008, January 25\u201327). Research on a new nonlinear discrete-time tracking-differentiator filtering characteristic. Chongqing, China."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2641","article-title":"Fault-diagnose for the accelerometer of suspension system based on signal compare","volume":"32","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"875","article-title":"Nonlinear tracking-differentiator with high speed in whole course","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"749","article-title":"Analyse and improvement for nonlinear tracking-dfferentiator","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Control Decis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, X., and Liu, J. (2010). Differentiator Design and Application, Publishing House of Electronics Industry."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1137\/S0363012997321358","article-title":"Finite-time stability of continuous autonomous system","volume":"38","author":"Bhat","year":"2000","journal-title":"SIAM J. Control Optim."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/5\/5225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:59Z","timestamp":1760219399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/5\/5225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s120505225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120505225","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,26]]}}}