{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:32:02Z","timestamp":1780493522498,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]],"date-time":"2012-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been an explosion of research into the physical and chemical properties of carbon-based nanomaterials, since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima in 1991. Carbon nanomaterials offer unique advantages in several areas, like high surface-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and strong mechanical strength, and are thus frequently being incorporated into sensing elements. Carbon nanomaterial-based sensors generally have higher sensitivities and a lower detection limit than conventional ones. In this review, a brief history of glucose biosensors is firstly presented. The carbon nanotube and grapheme-based biosensors, are introduced in Sections 3 and 4, respectively, which cover synthesis methods, up-to-date sensing approaches and nonenzymatic hybrid sensors. Finally, we briefly outline the current status and future direction for carbon nanomaterials to be used in the sensing area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120505996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]],"date-time":"2012-05-10T11:11:15Z","timestamp":1336648275000},"page":"5996-6022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":506,"title":["A Critical Review of Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK"},{"name":"School of Urban Development and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Second Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Garcia-Gancedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4204-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Flewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban Development and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Second Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Moussy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William I.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK"},{"name":"Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(97)00112-7","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo mineralization of nafion membrane used for implantable glucose sensors","volume":"13","author":"Mercado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosens. 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