{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:17:51Z","timestamp":1772003871932,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the design, fabrication, surface functionalization and experimental characterization of an ultrasonic MEMS biosensor for urinary anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) detection with sub ng\/mL sensitivity is presented. It was previously shown that urinary Bcl-2 levels are reliably elevated during early and late stages of ovarian cancer. Our biosensor uses shear horizontal (SH) surface acoustic waves (SAWs) on surface functionalized ST-cut Quartz to quantify the mass loading change by protein adhesion to the delay path. SH-SAWs were generated and received by a pair of micro-fabricated interdigital transducers (IDTs) separated by a judiciously designed delay path. The delay path was surface-functionalized with monoclonal antibodies, ODMS, Protein A\/G and Pluronic F127 for optimal Bcl-2 capture with minimal non-specific adsorption. Bcl-2 concentrations were quantified by the resulting resonance frequency shift detected by a custom designed resonator circuit. The target sensitivity for diagnosis and identifying the stage of ovarian cancer was successfully achieved with demonstrated Bcl-2 detection capability of 500 pg\/mL. It was also shown that resonance frequency shift increases linearly with increasing Bcl-2 concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T09:55:29Z","timestamp":1338458129000},"page":"7423-7437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Urinary Bcl-2 Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensor for Early Ovarian Cancer Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Onursal","family":"Onen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}]},{"given":"Alper","family":"Sisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Marmara University, Goztepe 34722, Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Gallant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida Health, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 11, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasim","family":"Guldiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Cancer society ovarian cancer facts. Available online: http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/Cancer\/OvarianCancer\/DetailedGuide\/index (accessed on 1 March 2012)."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of serum ca-125 levels for early detection of ovarian-cancer","volume":"80","author":"Einhorn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2000.5816","article-title":"The efficacy of transvaginal sonographic screening in asymptomatic women at risk for ovarian cancer","volume":"77","author":"Depriest","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol. 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