{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:06:01Z","timestamp":1771916761552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The flow of air generated by a new design of air assisted sprayer equipped with two axial fans of reversed rotation was analyzed. For this goal, a 3D sonic anemometer has been used (accuracy: 1.5%; measurement range: 0 to 45 m\/s). The study was divided into a static test and a dynamic test. During the static test, the air velocity in the working vicinity of the sprayer was measured considering the following machine configurations: (1) one activated fan regulated at three air flows (machine working as a traditional sprayer); (2) two activated fans regulated at three air flows for each fan. In the static test 72 measurement points were considered. The location of the measurement points was as follow: left and right sides of the sprayer; three sections of measurement (A, B and C); three measurement distances from the shaft of the machine (1.5 m, 2.5 m and 3.5 m); and four measurement heights (1 m, 2 m, 3 m and 4 m). The static test results have shown significant differences in the module and the vertical angle of the air velocity vector in function of the regulations of the sprayer. In the dynamic test, the air velocity was measured at 2.5 m from the axis of the sprayer considering four measurement heights (1 m, 2 m, 3 m and 4 m). In this test, the sprayer regulations were: one or two activated fans; one air flow for each fan; forward speed of 2.8 km\/h. The use of one fan (back) or two fans (back and front) produced significant differences on the duration of the presence of wind in the measurement point and on the direction of the air velocity vector. The module of the air velocity vector was not affected by the number of activated fans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]],"date-time":"2012-06-07T11:01:10Z","timestamp":1339066870000},"page":"7598-7613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Analysis of the Air Flow Generated by an Air-Assisted Sprayer Equipped with Two Axial Fans Using a 3D Sonic Anemometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0227-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Polytechnic School, University of Zaragoza, Huesca 22071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Polytechnic School, University of Zaragoza, Huesca 22071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Polytechnic School, University of Zaragoza, Huesca 22071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Mal\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Polytechnic School, University of Zaragoza, Huesca 22071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Polytechnic School, University of Zaragoza, Huesca 22071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(00)00046-6","article-title":"Spray deposits and losses in different sized apple trees from an axial fan orchard sprayer: 1. Effects of spray liquid flow rate","volume":"20","author":"Cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.3390\/s110404295","article-title":"Methodology for the regulation of boom sprayers operating in circular trajectories","volume":"11","author":"Vidal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(00)00163-0","article-title":"Spray deposits and losses in different sized apple trees from an axial fan orchard sprayer: 2. Effects of spray quality","volume":"20","author":"Cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2003.11.012","article-title":"Spray penetration into peanut canopies with hydraulic nozzle tips","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosyst. 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Equipment for Crop Protection\u2014Test Methods for Air-Assisted Sprayers for Bush and Tree Crops, International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9898:2000."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7598\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:40Z","timestamp":1760219440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s120607598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120607598","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,7]]}}}