{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:53:33Z","timestamp":1761929613746,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]],"date-time":"2012-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years there is growing pressure on the medical sector to reduce costs while maintaining or even improving the quality of care. A potential solution to this problem is real time and\/or remote patient monitoring by using mobile devices. To achieve this, medical sensors with wireless communication, computational and energy harvesting capabilities are networked on, or in, the human body forming what is commonly called a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). We present the implementation of a novel Wake Up Receiver (WUR) in the context of standardised wireless protocols, in a signal-oriented WBAN environment and present a novel protocol intended for wireless health monitoring (WhMAC). WhMAC is a TDMA-based protocol with very low power consumption. It utilises WBAN-specific features and a novel ultra low power wake up receiver technology, to achieve flexible and at the same time very low power wireless data transfer of physiological signals. As the main application is in the medical domain, or personal health monitoring, the protocol caters for different types of medical sensors. We define four sensor modes, in which the sensors can transmit data, depending on the sensor type and emergency level. A full power dissipation model is provided for the protocol, with individual hardware and application parameters. Finally, an example application shows the reduction in the power consumption for different data monitoring scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120607917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]],"date-time":"2012-06-08T11:25:11Z","timestamp":1339154711000},"page":"7917-7937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ultra Low Power Signal Oriented Approach for Wireless Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stevan","family":"Marinkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Cork, Cork 11111, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Cork, Cork 11111, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2004.840019","article-title":"Guest editorial introduction to the special section on M-Health: Beyond seamless mobility and global wireless Health-Care connectivity","volume":"8","author":"Istepanian","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.110913","article-title":"Nano-power wireless wake-up receiver with serial peripheral interface","volume":"29","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drude, S. (2007, January 1\u20135). Requirements and Application Scenarios for Body Area Networks. Eindhoven, Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTMWC.2007.4299336"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Zhong, L., and Jha, N. (2007, January 11\u201313). Energy Comparison and Optimization of Wireless Body-Area Network Technologies. Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.4108\/bodynets.2007.150"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"An ultra low-power and traffic-adaptive medium access control protocol for wireless body area network","volume":"36","author":"Ullah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hoiydi, E., and Decotignie, J. (July, January 28). Wisemac: An Ultra Low Power Mac Protocol for the Downlink of Infrastructure Wsns. Neuchatel, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polastre, J., Hill, J., and Culler, D. (2004, January 3\u20135). Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks. Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031508"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. (2002, January 23\u201327). An Energy-Efficient Mac Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dam, T., and Langendoen, K. (2003, January 5\u20137). An Adaptive Energy-Efficient Mac Protocol for Wsns. Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958512"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Khan, N., and Boncelet, C. (, January October). Pmac: Energy Efficient Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(85)90027-5","article-title":"Digital sampling rate and ecg analysis","volume":"7","author":"Pizzuti","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W., Datta, A., and Cardell-Oliver, R. (2006, January 13\u201315). Fleximac: A Flexible Tdma-Based Mac Protocol for Fault-Tolerant and Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks. Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICON.2006.302648"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsaify, A., Padhy, P., Martinez, K., and Zou, G. (2007, January 22\u201326). Gwmac\u2014A Tdma Based Mac Protocol for a Glacial Sensor Network. Crete Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/1298197.1298208"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"van Hoeselt, L., Niebergt, T., Kipt, H.J., and Havingar, P. (2004, January 17\u201319). Advantages of a Tdma Based, Energy-Efficient, Self-Organizing Mac Protocol for Wsns. Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Chen, Z., and Khokhar, A. (2004, January 4\u20137). Self Organization and Energy Efficient TDMA MAC Protocol by Wake Up for Wireless Sensor Networks. Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2003431","article-title":"Energy efficient medium access protocol for wireless medical body area sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Omeni","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2006.02.011","article-title":"Wireless sensor network for personal health monitoring: Issues and an implementation","volume":"29","author":"Milenkovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090516","article-title":"Highly reliable energy-saving mac for wireless body sensor networks in healthcare systems","volume":"27","author":"Otal","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latre, B., Braem, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., Reusens, E., Joseph, W., and Demeester, P. (2007, January 6\u201310). A Low-Delay Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Body Area Networks. Philadelphia, PI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBIQ.2007.4451060"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2005.31","article-title":"A mac protocol to reduce sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup radio","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10776-009-0100-6","article-title":"Radio-triggered wake-ups with addressing capabilities for extremely low power sensor network applications","volume":"16","author":"Ansari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11241-005-6883-z","article-title":"Radio-triggered wake-up for wireless sensor networks","volume":"29","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Real-Time Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Temko, A., McEvoy, R., Dwyer, D., Faul, S., Lightbody, G., and Marnane, W. (2010, January 21\u201323). React: Real Time EEG Analysis for Event Detection. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul, S., Temko, A., and Marnane, W. (2009, January 2\u20136). Age-Independent Seizure Detection. Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5332553"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sajja, S., Pallavi, D.V.S., Chaurey, V., and Gangwar, C. (2004). A study on deriving respiratory signals from ECG. Apollo: The International Magazine Of Art And Antiques, Issue: 200101029, 1\u201332."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canu, A., Canu, M., Marinkovic, S., Faul, S., and Popovici, E. (2011, January 30\u201331). Respiration Rate Calculation Using Low Power DSP Processor And SpO2 Sensor. Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2011.5966757"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2033591","article-title":"Energy-efficient low duty cycle MAC protocol for wireless body area networks","volume":"13","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.10.521","article-title":"Validation of a modified early warning score in medical admissions","volume":"94","author":"Subbe","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7917\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:42Z","timestamp":1760219442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s120607917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120607917","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]}}}