{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:22:21Z","timestamp":1771546941883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]],"date-time":"2012-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human hand back skin texture (HBST) is often consistent for a person and distinctive from person to person. In this paper, we study the HBST pattern recognition problem with applications to personal identification and gender classification. A specially designed system is developed to capture HBST images, and an HBST image database was established, which consists of 1,920 images from 80 persons (160 hands). An efficient texton learning based method is then presented to classify the HBST patterns. First, textons are learned in the space of filter bank responses from a set of training images using the -minimization based sparse representation (SR) technique. Then, under the SR framework, we represent the feature vector at each pixel over the learned dictionary to construct a representation coefficient histogram. Finally, the coefficient histogram is used as skin texture feature for classification. Experiments on personal identification and gender classification are performed by using the established HBST database. The results show that HBST can be used to assist human identification and gender classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120708691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T09:59:06Z","timestamp":1340791146000},"page":"8691-8709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Study of Hand Back Skin Texture Patterns for Personal Identification and Gender Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Skin disease atlas. Available online: http:\/\/www.dermnet.com (accessed on 20 February 2012)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.836520","article-title":"Bidirectional imaging and modeling of skin texture","volume":"12","author":"Cula","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-005-4637-2","article-title":"Skin texture modeling","volume":"1","author":"Cula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00278.x","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of elderly skin based on digital image analysis","volume":"2","author":"Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Kim, K., Choi, Y., and Hwang, E. (July, January 28). Wrinkle Feature-Based Skin Age Estimation Scheme. Cancun, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Flynn, P., and Ross, A. (2007). Handbook of Biometrics, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-71041-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maltoni, D., Maio, D., Jain, A.K., and Prabhakar, S. (2009). Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition, Springer-Verlag. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-254-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratha, N., and Bolle, R. (2004). Automatic Fingerprint Recognition Systems, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/b97425"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delac, K., and Grgic, M. (2007). Face Recognition, I-Tech Education and Publishing.","DOI":"10.5772\/38"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, H. (2006). Reliable Face Recognition Methods-System Design, Implementation and Evaluation, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-38464-1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/34.244676","article-title":"High confidence visual recognition of persons by a test of statistical independence","volume":"11","author":"Daugman","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818350","article-title":"How iris recognition works","volume":"1","author":"Daugman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hill, R.B. (1999). Retinal Identification, in Biometrics: Personal Identification in Networked Society, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgen, H., Bours, P., and Wolthusen, S.D. (2008, January 15\u201317). Visible-Spectrum Biometric Retina Recognition. Harbin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIH-MSP.2008.345"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.05.010","article-title":"Palmprint verification using binary orientation co-occurrence vector","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227981","article-title":"Online palmprint identification","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2005.08.014","article-title":"Palmprint identification using feature-level fusion","volume":"3","author":"Kong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sun, Z.N., Tan, T.N., Wang, Y.H., and Li, S.Z. (2005, January 20\u201326). Ordinal Palmprint Representation for Personal Identification. San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.01.020","article-title":"Online finger-knuckle-print verification for personal authentication","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1068\/p220131","article-title":"Sex discrimination: How do we tell the difference between male and female faces?","volume":"22","author":"Bruce","year":"1993","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1109\/34.1000244","article-title":"Learning gender with support faces","volume":"24","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.913886","article-title":"Gait components and their application to gender classification","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Rowe, R.K. (2007, January 27\u201329). Biometrics Based on Multispectral Skin Texture. Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Cula, O.G., and Dana, K.J. (2001, January 25\u201327). Compact Representation of Bidirectional Texture Functions. Saint Petersburg, Russia."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000020670.05764.55","article-title":"3D texture recognition using bidirectional feature histograms","volume":"1","author":"Cula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(99)80042-X","article-title":"Estimation of age by epidermal image processing","volume":"1","author":"Tatsumi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Ji, H., and Fermuller, C. (2006, January 17\u201322). A Projective Invariant for Textures. New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"971","article-title":"Multi-resolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns","volume":"7","author":"Ojala","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2015682","article-title":"Dominant local binary patterns for texture classification","volume":"5","author":"Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1657","article-title":"A completed modeling of local binary pattern operator for texture classification","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varma, M., and Zisserman, A. (2002, January 28\u201331). Classifying Images of Materials: Achieving Viewpoint and Illumination Independence. Copenhagen, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47977-5_17"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-005-4635-4","article-title":"A statistical approach to texture classification from single images","volume":"1","author":"Varma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.151","article-title":"A sparse texture representation using local affine regions","volume":"2","author":"Lazebnik","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/300776.300778","article-title":"Refelctance and texture of real world surfaces","volume":"2","author":"Dana","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.20132","article-title":"For most large underdetermined systems of linear equations the minimal l1-norm solution is also the sparsest solution","volume":"6","author":"Donoho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.20124","article-title":"Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements","volume":"8","author":"Candes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1137\/090777761","article-title":"Alternating direction algorithms for l1-problems in compressive sensing","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"SIAM Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Lee, H., Battle, A., Raina, R., and Ng, A.Y. (2006, January 4\u20137). Efficient Sparse Coding Algorithms. Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Zhang, L., You, J., and Zhang, D. (2010, January 26\u201329). Texture Classification via Patch-Based Sparse Texton Learning. Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2010.5651387"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, A., and Zhang, D. (2004, January 23\u201326). Competitive Coding Scheme for Palmprint Verification. Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2004.1334184"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayman, E., Caputo, B., Fritz, M., and Eklundh, O. (2004, January 11\u201314). On the Significance of Real-World Conditions for Material Classification. Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24673-2_21"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/7\/8691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:59Z","timestamp":1760219459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/7\/8691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s120708691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120708691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]]}}}