{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:03:19Z","timestamp":1768917799599,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]],"date-time":"2012-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel ionophores comprising various hydroxide and amine structures were immobilized onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrices, and these were examined to determine Ti(III) selectivity. To predict the selectivity of Ti(III), a PVC membrane was used to investigate the binding of Ti(III) to c-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CMCR). The study showed that the chelating ligand, CMCR, was coordinated selectively to Ti(III) at eight coordination sites involving the oxygen atoms at the interface of the membrane\/solution. The membrane was prepared, based on CMCR as an ionophore, sodium tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl) borate (NaTFPB) as a lipophilic ionic additive, and dioctylphthalate (DOP) as a plasticizer. The immobilization of the ionophore and surface characterization studies revealed that the performance of CMCR-immobilized PVC was equivalent to that of mobile ionophores in supported liquid membranes (SLMs). The strengths of the ion-ionophore (CMCR-Ti(OH)(OH2)52+) interactions and the role of ionophores on membranes were studied via UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT\u2013IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and and X-ray diffraction (XRD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120708806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]],"date-time":"2012-06-28T11:17:49Z","timestamp":1340882269000},"page":"8806-8814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Immobilization of Ionophore and Surface Characterization Studies of the Titanium(III) Ion in a PVC-Membrane Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Majid","family":"Rezayi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"},{"name":"ACECR Mashhad Branch, Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Mashhad 91775-1376, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee Yook","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuar","family":"Kassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Ahmadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadollah","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Jahangirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose, P., and Menon, S. (2007). Lower-rim substituted calixarenes and their applications. Bioinorg. Chem. Appl., 2007.","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/65815"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutsche, C.D. (1998). Calixarenes Revisited, Royal Society of Chemistry.","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847550293"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1002\/jccs.200700216","article-title":"A Lead-selective membrane electrode based upon a phosphorylated hexahomotrioxacalix [3] arene","volume":"54","author":"Yaftian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chin. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezayi, M., Lee, Y.H., Kassim, A., Ahmadzadeh, S., Abdollahi, Y., and Jahangirian, H. (2012). Immobilization of tris(2 pyridyl) methylamine in PVC-membrane sensor and characterization of the membrane properties. Chem. Cent. 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