{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:21:42Z","timestamp":1768965702813,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic biomimetic membranes provide biological environments to membrane proteins. By exploiting the central roles of biological membranes, it is possible to devise biosensors, drug delivery systems, and nanocontainers using a biomimetic membrane system integrated with functional proteins. Biomimetic membranes can be created with synthetic lipids or block copolymers. These amphiphilic lipids and polymers self-assemble in an aqueous solution either into planar membranes or into vesicles. Using various techniques developed to date, both planar membranes and vesicles can provide versatile and robust platforms for a number of applications. In particular, biomimetic membranes with modified lipids or functional proteins are promising platforms for biosensors. We review recent technologies used to create synthetic biomimetic membranes and their engineered sensors applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120709530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T11:03:00Z","timestamp":1342004580000},"page":"9530-9550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Synthetic Biomimetic Membranes and Their Sensor Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Young-Rok","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences and Resources & Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sungho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyunil","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yeong-Eun","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 305-343, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"},{"name":"Biohybrid Systems Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4882-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Joon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"},{"name":"Biohybrid Systems Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07596","article-title":"Direct observation of the nanoscale dynamics of membrane lipids in a living cell","volume":"457","author":"Eggeling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2202","article-title":"Surface-structure-regulated cell-membrane penetration by monolayer-protected nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Verma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14278","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501234102","article-title":"Transmembrane glycine zippers: Physiological and pathological roles in membrane proteins","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-011-0602-3","article-title":"Storable droplet interface lipid bilayers for cell-free ion channel studies","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.200900297","article-title":"Automatable production of shippable bilayer chips by pin tool deposition for an ion channel measurement platform","volume":"5","author":"Poulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3561","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.12.3561","article-title":"Formation of bimolecular membranes from lipid monolayers and a study of their electrical properties","volume":"69","author":"Montal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/194979a0","article-title":"Reconstitution of cell membrane structure in vitro and its transformation into an excitable system","volume":"194","author":"Mueller","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1021\/nl100550k","article-title":"Artificial photosynthesis in ranaspumin-2 based foam","volume":"10","author":"Wendell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/8\/085101","article-title":"Engineering an artificial amoeba propelled by nanoparticle-triggered actin polymerization","volume":"20","author":"Yi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnoly"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9628","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9029818","article-title":"Formation of protocell-like vesicles in a thermal diffusion column","volume":"131","author":"Budin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.0.0137","article-title":"Protocell research and its implications","volume":"53","author":"Mahowald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspect. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7567","DOI":"10.1021\/ja902039y","article-title":"Electrostatically mediated liposome fusion and lipid exchange with a nanoparticle-supported bilayer for control of surface charge, drug containment, and delivery","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2741\/s103","article-title":"Polymer- and liposome-based nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery","volume":"2","author":"Venkatraman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"53","article-title":"Development of a novel oligomannose-coated liposome-based anticancer drug-delivery system for intraperitoneal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Ikehara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201102120","article-title":"Highly permeable and selective pore-spanning biomimetic membrane embedded with aquaporin Z","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.03.004","article-title":"Planar biomimetic aquaporin-incorporated triblock copolymer membranes on porous alumina supports for nanofiltration","volume":"409","author":"Duong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membrane Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3390\/s80314000","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors-sensor principles and architectures","volume":"8","author":"Grieshaber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12268","article-title":"Motility voltage sensor of the outer hair cell resides within the lateral plasma-membrane","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199509051","article-title":"Metal-induced dispersion of lipid aggregates\u2014A simple, selective, and sensitive fluorescent metal-ion sensor","volume":"34","author":"Sasaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76392-2","article-title":"Tethered polymer-supported planar lipid bilayers for reconstitution of integral membrane proteins: Silane-polyethyleneglycol-lipid as a cushion and covalent linker","volume":"79","author":"Wagner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1021\/la063503c","article-title":"Detection of single ion channel activity on a chip using tethered bilayer membranes","volume":"23","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2011.3664","article-title":"Aptamer biosensors for label-free colorimetric detection of human IgE based on polydiacetylene (PDA) supramolecules","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4832-7","article-title":"Microbead-assisted PDA sensor for the detection of genetically modified organisms","volume":"400","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pindzola, B.A., Nguyen, A.T., and Reppy, M.A. (2006). Antibody-functionalized polydiacetylene coatings on nanoporous membranes for microorganism detection. Chem. Commun.","DOI":"10.1039\/b516403f"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1039\/B411363B","article-title":"Examination of bilayer lipid membranes for \u201cpin-hole\u201d character","volume":"129","author":"Rehak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"42","article-title":"Hydrogel-encapsulated lipid membranes","volume":"128","author":"Jeon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1720","article-title":"An artificial lipid bilayer formed on an agarose-coated glass for simultaneous electrical and optical measurement of single ion channels","volume":"265","author":"Ide","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(99)00003-2","article-title":"Improved gel-protected bilayers","volume":"14","author":"Costello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700810","article-title":"Long-lived planar lipid bilayer membranes anchored to an in situ polymerized hydrogel","volume":"20","author":"Malmstadt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1126\/science.831279","article-title":"Lateral diffusion in planar lipid bilayers","volume":"195","author":"Fahey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00453a066","article-title":"A totally synthetic bilayer membrane","volume":"99","author":"Kunitake","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062654499","article-title":"Virus-assisted loading of polymer nanocontainer","volume":"99","author":"Graff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nardin, C., Thoeni, S., Widmer, J., Winterhalter, M., and Meier, W. (2000). Nanoreactors based on (polymerized) ABA-triblock copolymer vesicles. Chem. Commun.","DOI":"10.1039\/b004280n"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20001215)39:24<4599::AID-ANIE4599>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Reconstitution of channel proteins in (polymerized) ABA triblock copolymer membranes","volume":"39","author":"Meier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.200400065","article-title":"Asymmetric ABC-triblock copolymer membranes induce a directed insertion of membrane proteins","volume":"4","author":"Stoenescu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.05.003","article-title":"Can polymeric vesicles that confine enzymatic reactions act as simplified organelles?","volume":"585","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5417.1143","article-title":"Polymersomes: Tough vesicles made from diblock copolymers","volume":"284","author":"Discher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5358.1903","article-title":"Self-assembled aggregates of rod-coil block copolymers and their solubilization and encapsulation of fullerenes","volume":"279","author":"Jenekhe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1021\/la990951u","article-title":"Polymerized ABA triblock copolymer vesicles","volume":"16","author":"Nardin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5404.960","article-title":"Giant wormlike rubber micelles","volume":"283","author":"Won","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5218.1728","article-title":"Multiple morphologies of \u201ccrew-cut\u201d aggregates of polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers","volume":"268","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.162.2.722-727.1985","article-title":"Ion selectivity of gram-negative bacterial porins","volume":"162","author":"Benz","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/15\/016","article-title":"Single molecule measurements of channel proteins incorporated into biomimetic polymer membranes","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7708","DOI":"10.1021\/la000204t","article-title":"Giant free-standing ABA triblock copolymer membranes","volume":"16","author":"Nardin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torchilin, V.P., and Weissig, V. (2003). Liposomes: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199636556.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1021\/ma071798a","article-title":"Controlled synthesis of peptide-based amphiphilic copolymers","volume":"41","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2009.04.007","article-title":"Self-assembly of polypeptide-based block copolymer amphiphiles","volume":"14","author":"Carlsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1962.027.001.005","article-title":"Physical principles in the construction of regular viruses","volume":"27","author":"Caspar","year":"1962","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symp."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1093","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive polypeptide vesicles by conformation-specific assembly","volume":"3","author":"Bellomo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1021\/ja043920g","article-title":"Reversible inside-out micellization of pH-responsive and water-soluble vesicles based on polypeptide diblock copolymers","volume":"127","author":"Lecommandoux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1794","article-title":"Polyarginine segments in block copolypeptides drive both vesicular assembly and intracellular delivery","volume":"6","author":"Holowka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200700468","article-title":"Nanopore arrays for stable and functional free-standing lipid bilayers","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1039\/B716723G","article-title":"Electrically insulating pore-suspending membranes on highly ordered porous alumina obtained from vesicle spreading","volume":"4","author":"Schmitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/42432","article-title":"A biosensor that uses ion-channel switches","volume":"387","author":"Cornell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1021\/la0016625","article-title":"Tethered mono- and bilayer lipid membranes on Au and Hg","volume":"17","author":"Krysinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/la00013a029","article-title":"A new class of thiolipids for the attachment of lipid bilayers on gold surfaces","volume":"10","author":"Lang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1021\/la0342060","article-title":"Tethered lipid Bilayers on ultraflat gold surfaces","volume":"19","author":"Naumann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201102093","article-title":"Electrofluidic lipid membrane biosensor","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01395428","article-title":"The determination of the optical constants of metals by excitation of surface plasmons","volume":"241","author":"Kretschmann","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, D.K. (2007). Nanobiotechnology of Biomimetic Membranes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-37740-9"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/02726340801921650","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance for biosensing: A mini-review","volume":"28","author":"Abdulhalim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/la00029a033","article-title":"Protein binding to supported lipid membranes: Investigation of the cholera toxin-ganglioside interaction by simultaneous impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance","volume":"9","author":"Terrettaz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lanmuir"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2003.09.014","article-title":"Trends in ion channel drug discovery: Advances in screening technologies","volume":"21","author":"Bennett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19990201)38:3<389::AID-ANIE389>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Ion-channel gating in transmembrane receptor proteins: Functional activity in tethered lipid membranes","volume":"38","author":"Stora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/35093032","article-title":"Receptors and transduction in taste","volume":"413","author":"Lindemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(00)00114-9","article-title":"Functional immobilisation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in tethered lipid membranes","volume":"85","author":"Rigler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1021\/ar970063v","article-title":"Color and chromism of polydiacetylene vesicles","volume":"31","author":"Okada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Account Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00193a036","article-title":"Thermochromic phase transition of a polydiacetylene, poly(ETCD), studied by high-resolution solid-state carbon-13 NMR","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00198a020","article-title":"Chromatic properties of polydiacetylene films","volume":"111","author":"Wenzel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/128_2007_112","article-title":"Biomolecular sensing with colorimetric vesicles","volume":"277","author":"Jelinek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00270a065","article-title":"Reversible thermochromism in photopolymerized phosphatidylcholine vesicles","volume":"108","author":"Singh","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8976","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0299001","article-title":"Colorimetric reversibility of polydiacetylene supramolecules having enhanced hydrogen-bonding under thermal and pH stimuli","volume":"125","author":"Ahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1021\/ja984190d","article-title":"Reversible color switching and unusual solution polymerization of hydrazide-modified diacetylene lipids","volume":"121","author":"Jonas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9924288","article-title":"Cation-selective color sensors composed of ionophore-phospholipid-polydiacetylene mixed vesicles","volume":"122","author":"Kolusheva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200900639","article-title":"Polydiacetylene-liposome microarrays for selective and sensitive mercury(II) detection","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200900393","article-title":"A direct, multiplex biosensor platform for pathogen detection based on cross-linked polydiacetylene (PDA) supramolecules","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1021\/ja067856+","article-title":"Colorimetric sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based on conjugated polymer-embedded electrospun fibers","volume":"129","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01243b","article-title":"Biopolymer capsules bearing polydiacetylenic vesicles as colorimetric sensors of pH and temperature","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200703007","article-title":"A microfluidic conjugated-polymer sensor chip","volume":"20","author":"Eo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/ja808077d","article-title":"A thermoresponsive fluorogenic conjugated polymer for a temperature sensor in microfluidic devices","volume":"131","author":"Ryu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1039\/B916911C","article-title":"A liposome-based nanostructure for aptamer directed delivery","volume":"46","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1039\/B801739P","article-title":"Nano- and micro-structured assemblies for encapsulation of food ingredients","volume":"38","author":"Augustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3148025","article-title":"Energetics investigation on encapsulation of protein\/peptide drugs in carbon nanotubes","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200801902","article-title":"Self-assembly of drug-loaded liposomes on genetically engineered target-recognizing M13 phage: A novel nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery","volume":"5","author":"Ngweniform","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.06.009","article-title":"A modified protocol for efficient DNA encapsulation into pegylated immunoliposomes (PILs)","volume":"139","author":"Skjorringe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.03.009","article-title":"The encapsulation of DNA molecules within biomimetic lipid nanocapsules","volume":"30","author":"Vonarbourg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13540","DOI":"10.1021\/la802432f","article-title":"Quantitative study of the structure of multilamellar giant liposomes as a container of protein synthesis reaction","volume":"24","author":"Hosoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201100177","article-title":"Aptamers-in-liposomes for selective and multiplexed capture of small organic compounds","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1322","article-title":"Photo-induced proton gradients and ATP biosynthesis produced by vesicles encapsulated in a silica matrix","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9908","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1039242","article-title":"Direct synthesis of polymer nanocapsules: Self-assembly of polymer hollow spheres through irreversible covalent bond formation","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ob05835e","article-title":"Synthetic polyion-counterion transport systems in polymersomes and gels","volume":"9","author":"Montenegro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.10.025","article-title":"A nanocompartment system (synthosome) designed for biotechnological applications","volume":"123","author":"Nallani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R39","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/14\/10\/201","article-title":"Nanostructure fabrication using block copolymers","volume":"14","author":"Hamley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S1748-0132(08)70043-4","article-title":"Block copolymer nanostructures","volume":"3","author":"Smart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200036k","article-title":"Polymeric vesicles: From drug carriers to nanoreactors and artificial organelles","volume":"44","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Account. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s101890170095","article-title":"Amphiphilic block copolymer nanocontainers as bioreactors","volume":"4","author":"Nardin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/7\/9530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:14Z","timestamp":1760219474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/7\/9530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s120709530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120709530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]}}}