{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T09:30:00Z","timestamp":1768728600646,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]],"date-time":"2012-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional camera modules with image sensors manipulate the focus or zoom by moving lenses. Although motors, such as voice-coil motors, can move the lens sets precisely, large volume, high power consumption, and long moving time are critical issues for motor-type camera modules. A deformable mirror (DM) provides a good opportunity to improve these issues. The DM is a reflective type optical component which can alter the optical power to focus the lights on the two dimensional optical image sensors. It can make the camera system operate rapidly. Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) is a promising electro-actuated polymer material that can be used in micromachining devices because of its large deformation with low actuation voltage. We developed a convenient simulation model based on Young\u2019s modulus and Poisson\u2019s ratio. We divided an ion exchange polymer, also known as Nafion\u00ae, into two virtual layers in the simulation model: one was expansive and the other was contractive, caused by opposite constant surface forces on each surface of the elements. Therefore, the deformation for different IPMC shapes can be described more easily. A standard experiment of voltage vs. tip displacement was used to verify the proposed modeling. Finally, a gear shaped IPMC actuator was designed and tested. Optical power of the IPMC deformable mirror is experimentally demonstrated to be 17 diopters with two volts. The needed voltage was about two orders lower than conventional silicon deformable mirrors and about one order lower than the liquid lens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]],"date-time":"2012-08-09T11:22:32Z","timestamp":1344511352000},"page":"11100-11112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and Fabrication of a Large-Stroke Deformable Mirror Using a Gear-Shape Ionic-Conductive Polymer Metal Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hsiang-Chun","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo-Dung John","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Berge, B. Liquid Lens Technology: Principle of Electrowetting Based Lenses and Applications to Imaging. Miami Beach, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.18.1679","article-title":"Liquid-Crystal lens-cells with variable focal length","volume":"18","author":"Sato","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1117\/12.603475","article-title":"Active optical zoom system","volume":"5798","author":"Wick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1117\/12.457847","article-title":"Micromachined deformable mirrors for adaptive optics","volume":"4825","author":"Bifano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11097","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.011097","article-title":"Thin Autofocus camera module by a large-stroke micromachined deformable mirror","volume":"18","author":"Hsieh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1117\/12.349669","article-title":"Electro-mechanics of iono-elastic beams as electrically-controllable artificial muscles","volume":"3669","author":"Shahinpoor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pugal, D., Kim, S.J., Kim, K.J., and Leang, K.K. (2010, January 8\u201311). Ipmc: Recent Progress in Modeling, Manufacturing, and New Applications. San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.848281"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"77880C:1","article-title":"A Low Voltage Deformable Mirror Using Ionic-Polymer Metal Composite","volume":"7788","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124007","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/12\/124007","article-title":"Effects of water content on the actuation performance of ionic polymer\u2013metal composites","volume":"19","author":"Yeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Mat. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2007.06.035","article-title":"Evaluation of Dielectric gel coating for encapsulation of ionic polymer\u2013metal composite (Ipmc) actuators","volume":"140","author":"Barramba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1063\/1.372343","article-title":"Electromechanical response of ionic polymer-metal composites","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"James, M.G. (2003). Mechanics of Materials, Thomson-Engineering. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.J., and Shahinpoor, M. (2003). Ionic Polymer\u2013metal composites: II. manufacturing techniques. Smart Mat. Struct.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.475166"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Cohen, Y., Leary, S., Shahinpoor, M., Harrison, J.O., and Smith, J. (1999). Electro-Active Polymer (EAP) Actuators for Planetary Applications. Proc.SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.349708"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"233","article-title":"Experimental Study of nafion- and flemion-based ionic polymer metal composites(Ipmcs) with ethylene glycol as solvent","volume":"5051","author":"Zamani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Mat."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/8\/11100\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:43Z","timestamp":1760219503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/8\/11100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s120811100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120811100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]]}}}