{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:43:24Z","timestamp":1781876604278,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the main challenges of today\u2019s society is the need to fulfill at the same time the two sides of the dichotomy between the growing energy demand and the need to look after the environment. Smart Grids are one of the answers: intelligent energy grids which retrieve data about the environment through extensive sensor networks and react accordingly to optimize resource consumption. In order to do this, the Smart Grids need to understand the existing relationship between energy demand and a set of relevant climatic variables. All smart \u201csystems\u201d (buildings, cities, homes, consumers, etc.) have the potential to employ their intelligence for self-adaptation to climate conditions. After introducing the Smart World, a global framework for the collaboration of these smart systems, this paper presents the relationship found at experimental level between a range of relevant weather variables and electric power demand patterns, presenting a case study using an agent-based system, and emphasizing the need to consider this relationship in certain Smart World (and specifically Smart Grid and microgrid) applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T11:37:40Z","timestamp":1346067460000},"page":"11571-11591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["A Study of the Relationship between Weather Variables and Electric Power Demand inside a Smart Grid\/Smart World Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEMAT (CEDER), Autov\u00eda de Navarra A15, salida 56, 42290 Lubia (Soria), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Baladr\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. TSyCeIT, ETSIT, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier M.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. TSyCeIT, ETSIT, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Calavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. TSyCeIT, ETSIT, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Carro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. TSyCeIT, ETSIT, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Esguevillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. TSyCeIT, ETSIT, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Bel\u00e9n 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4441-7508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane J.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chinarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad de San Jorge, Campus del Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico Walqa, 22197 Cuarte, (Huesca), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos y Programaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Juan del Rosal 8, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.12.033","article-title":"Climate change and electric power consumption\u2014Witnessing increasing or decreasing use and costs?","volume":"38","author":"Aatola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014691","article-title":"The influence of recent climate change on tree height growth differs with species and spatial environment","volume":"6","author":"Messaoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2008.922254","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of climate change on future electric demand in Thailand","volume":"23","author":"Parkpoom","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1986.10478274","article-title":"Semiparametric estimates of the relation between weather and electricity sale","volume":"81","author":"Engle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-7655(00)00027-0","article-title":"The impacts of weather variations on energy demand and carbon emissions","volume":"22","author":"Considine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2005.857397","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of weather variables on monthly electricity demand","volume":"20","author":"Hor","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2036017","article-title":"Density forecasting for long-term peak electricity demand","volume":"25","author":"Hyndman","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0084.00054","article-title":"Non-linearities in electricity demand and temperature: Parametric versus non parametric methods","volume":"59","author":"Henley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.3950070509","article-title":"Characterising nonlinearities in business cycles using smooth transition autoregressive models","volume":"7","author":"Terasvirta","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2009.07.033","article-title":"Factors affecting electricity demand in Athens, Greece and London, UK: A comparative assessment","volume":"34","author":"Psiloglou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1109\/59.466492","article-title":"Implementation of hybrid short-term load forecasting system using artificial neural networks and fuzzy expert systems","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1109\/59.627852","article-title":"Cascaded artificial neural networks for short-term load forecasting","volume":"12","author":"AlFuhaid","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2004.831256","article-title":"Next day load curve forecasting using hybrid correction method","volume":"20","author":"Senjyu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2011.2132744","article-title":"Digital grid: Communicative electrical grids of the future","volume":"2","author":"Abe","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MPAE.2008.4412936","article-title":"Smart grid millionaire","volume":"6","author":"Sheble","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2011.6033033","article-title":"Heterogeneous communication arquitecture for the smart grid","volume":"25","author":"Zaballos","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2011.943112","article-title":"Smart grid\u2014Safe, secure, self-healing","volume":"10","author":"Amin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.403-408.2564","article-title":"Architecture and data vitalization of smart city","volume":"403\u2013408","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2010.2091355","article-title":"Enabling integrated city operations","volume":"55","author":"Bartlett","year":"2011","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2010.2048257","article-title":"Foundations for smarter cities","volume":"54","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipponi, L., Vitaletti, A., Landi, G., Memeo, V., Laura, G., and Pucci, P. (2010, January 18\u201325). Smart City: An Event Driven Architecture for Monitoring Public Spaces with Heterogeneous Sensors. Venice, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2010.50"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hader, M., Rodzi, A., Sharif, A.R., and Ahmad, N. (2009, January 3\u20135). Smart City Components Architecture. Brno, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSSim.2009.34"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2011.131","article-title":"Building and integrated service management platform for ubiquitous cities","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2010.2095750","article-title":"Physical-digital integration in city infrastructure","volume":"55","author":"Gann","year":"2011","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2011.187","article-title":"Smarter cities and their innovation challenges","volume":"44","author":"Naphade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkskog, C., Jacucci, G., Mikkola, T., Bertoncini, M., Gamberini, L., Torstensson, C., Nieminen, T., Briguglio, L., Andriani, P., and Firoentino, G. (2010, January 25\u201330). BeAware: A Framework for Residential Services on Energy Awareness. Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"SmartGrids: European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future SmartGrids SRA 2035. Available online: http:\/\/www.smartgrids.eu\/documents\/EEII%20Team%20meeting%20V\/42%20SRA%202035%20SG%20ETP.pdf (accessed on 10 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2001)040<1413:DATAEL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Daily air temperature and electricity load in Spain","volume":"40","author":"Valor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pipattanasomporn, M., Feroze, H., and Rahman, S. (2009, January 15\u201318). Multi-agent Systems in a Distributed Smart Grid: Design and Implementation. Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PSCE.2009.4840087"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2009.934876","article-title":"The path of the smart grid","volume":"8","author":"Farhangi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energ. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MPAE.2005.1507024","article-title":"Toward a smart grid: Power delivery for the 21st century","volume":"3","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Power. Energ. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyarzabal, J., Jimeno, J., Ruela, J., Engler, A., and Hardt, C. (2005, January 16\u201318). Agent Based Micro Grid Management System. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/FPS.2005.204230"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Pav\u00f3n, J., and Gomez-Sanz, J.J. (2003, January 16\u201318). Agent Oriented Software Engineering with INGENIAS. Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2010.05.012","article-title":"Model driven development and simulations with the INGENIAS agent framework","volume":"18","author":"Arroyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Simulat. Model. Pract. Theor."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:01Z","timestamp":1760219521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s120911571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120911571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]}}}