{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:00:13Z","timestamp":1780984813099,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of an exfoliated graphite (EG) electrode in the square wave voltammetric detection of bisphenol A (a model phenolic pollutant) in water, whereby the phenolic electrode fouling challenge is mitigated, is described. The oxidation peak of BPA was observed at about 0.45 V in phosphate buffer solution at pH 10. The current response exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration over a range from 1.56 \u00b5M\u201350 \u00b5M. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.76 \u00b5M. The EG electrode surface was renewed after each measurement with excellent reproducibility. A real sample application was also investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]],"date-time":"2012-08-27T11:37:40Z","timestamp":1346067460000},"page":"11601-11611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["An Exfoliated Graphite-Based Bisphenol A Electrochemical Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Thabile","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omotayo A.","family":"Arotiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Sampath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa"},{"name":"Indian Institute of Science, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Bangalore 560012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui W.","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhekie B.","family":"Mamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.06.004","article-title":"In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies","volume":"24","author":"Richter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.07.011","article-title":"Hypermethylation of estrogen receptor promoter region in adult testis of rats exposed neonatally to bisphenol A","volume":"289","author":"Doshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.08.002","article-title":"Emerging pollutants in wastewater: A review of the literature","volume":"214","author":"Deblonde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.06.037","article-title":"Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food","volume":"1216","author":"Rubio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2481(03)00166-8","article-title":"A new electrocatalytic mechanism for the oxidation of phenols at platinum electrodes","volume":"5","author":"Andreescu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrochem. Comm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2008.11.004","article-title":"Preparation and characteristic of cobalt phthalocyanine modified carbon paste electrode for bisphenol A detection","volume":"626","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(95)00614-1","article-title":"Determination of total phenols in waters and wastewaters using flow injection with electrochemical detection: An alternative to the standard colorimetric procedure","volume":"323","author":"Christophersen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.201000521","article-title":"The electrochemical behavior of gold nanoparticle tantalum (V) phthalocyanine composites: Applications towards the electroanalysis of bisphenol A","volume":"23","author":"Chauke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-010-0512-0","article-title":"Voltammetric determination of bisphenol A in food package by a glassy carbon electrode modified with carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"172","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200900195","article-title":"Electroanalysis of bisphenol A at a multiwalled carbon nanotubes-gold nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"21","author":"Tu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-011-0698-9","article-title":"Amperometric sensor for detection of bisphenol A using a pencil graphite electrode modified with polyanilinenanorods and multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"176","author":"Poorahong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014915307738","article-title":"Graphite","volume":"37","author":"Chung","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-011-0360-6","article-title":"Electrochemical detection and removal of lead in water using poly(propylene imine) modified re-compressed exfoliated graphite electrodes","volume":"41","author":"Ndlovu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.1021\/ac034833u","article-title":"Electrochemical characterization of binderless, recompressed exfoliated graphite electrodes: Electron-transfer kinetics and diffusion characteristics","volume":"75","author":"Ramesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01132008","article-title":"Exfoliation of graphite","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.05.025","article-title":"Electrode passivation caused by polymerization of different phenolic compounds","volume":"52","author":"Ferreira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.08.063","article-title":"Electrochemically monitoring the removal of bisphenol A based on its anodic deposition at an ITO electrode","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(00)00942-X","article-title":"Oxidative phenol coupling-tyrosine dimers and libraries containing tyrosyl peptide dimmers","volume":"57","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.04.094","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of bisphenol A mediated by [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) on an ITO electrode","volume":"180","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1039\/cs9972600181","article-title":"Electrochemistry for a cleaner environment","volume":"26","author":"Simonsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.04.058","article-title":"Voltammetric detection of phenol at platinum-polytyramine composite electrodes in acidic media","volume":"180","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2011.05.135","article-title":"Chitosan\u2013Fe3O4 nanocomposite based electrochemical sensors for the determination of bisphenol A","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.10.051","article-title":"Electrochemical bisphenol A sensor based on N-doped graphene sheets","volume":"711","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.02.013","article-title":"Mesoporous silica-based electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of environmental hormone bisphenol A","volume":"638","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, G.F., Andrade, L.S., Rocha-Filho, R.C., Bocchi, N., and Biaggio, S.R. (2012). Electrochemical determination of bisphenol A using boron a doped diamond electrode. Electrochim. Acta.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2012.03.157"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(97)80175-3","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of flexible graphite","volume":"35","author":"Frysz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carbon"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:01Z","timestamp":1760219521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s120911601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120911601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,27]]}}}