{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:52:13Z","timestamp":1769158333079,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to the error factors of the Linear Array Digital Sun Sensor (DSS), those of the Area Array DSS are complicated and methods used for error compensation are not valid or simple enough. This paper presents the main error factors of the Area Array DSS and proposes an effective method to compensate them. The procedure of error compensation of Area Array DSS includes three steps. First, the geometric error of calibration is compensated; second, the coordinate map method is used to compensate the error caused by optical refraction; third, the high order polynomial-fitting method is applied to calculate the tangent of the sun angles; finally, the arc tangent method is used to calculate the sun angles. Experimental results of the product of the High Accuracy Sun Sensor indicate that the precision is better than 0.02\u00b0 during the cone field of view (CFOV) of 10\u00b0, and the precision is better than 0.14\u00b0 during the CFOV 10\u00b0 to 64\u00b0. The proposed compensation method effectively compensates the major error factors and significantly improves the measure precision of the Area APS DSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T11:47:52Z","timestamp":1346240872000},"page":"11798-11810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Error Compensation for Area Digital Sun Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wen-Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Gao-Fei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leijtens, J. (2008, January 26\u201329). Sun Sensor Miniaturization Where Is the End?. Lecce, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2008.4716695"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2004.09.006","article-title":"Aps-based miniature sun sensor for earth observation nanosatellites","volume":"56","author":"Buonocore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S.Y., Choonsup, L., Sohrab, M., and Harish, M. (2006, January 17\u201320). Silicon Nanotips Antireflection Surface for Micro Sun Sensor. Cincinnati, OH, USA. Volume 2.","DOI":"10.1109\/NANO.2006.247704"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2007.893075","article-title":"Tracking control system using an incident radiation angle micro sensor","volume":"54","author":"Quero","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"246","article-title":"Sun sensor based on the MEMS sunlight lead-in","volume":"14","author":"Xing","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Funct. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortega, J.G., Tarrida, C.L., Quero, J.M., Delgado, F.J., Ortega, P., Castaner, L., Reina, M., Angulo, M., Morilla, Y., and L\u00f3pez, J.G. (2009, January 11\u201313). Mems Solar Sensor Testing for Satellite Applications. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCED.2009.4800503"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"940","article-title":"New generation of APS-based digital sun sensor","volume":"28","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Liebe, C.C., Mobasser, S., Youngsam, B., Wrigley, C.J., Schroeder, J.R., and Howard, A.M. (2002, January 9\u201316). Micro Sun Sensor. Big Sky, MT, Canada. Volume 5."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"28","article-title":"Development of a MOEMS sun sensor for space applications","volume":"103\u2013131","author":"Edoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"3294","article-title":"Precision calibration of CCD sun sensor","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"35","article-title":"Error analysis and compensation for CCD sun sensor","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosp. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2008.11.008","article-title":"Embedded algorithms for the SS-411 digital sun sensor","volume":"64","author":"Enright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"29","article-title":"Development of high-accuracy image centroiding algorithm for CMOS-based digital sun sensors","volume":"A144","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11798\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:03Z","timestamp":1760219523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s120911798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120911798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]]}}}