{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:07:29Z","timestamp":1773144449626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Internet of Things (IoT) research arena, many efforts are devoted to adapt the existing IP standards to emerging IoT nodes. This is the direction followed by three Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Working Groups, which paved the way for research on IP-based constrained networks. Through a simplification of the whole TCP\/IP stack, resource constrained nodes become direct interlocutors of application level entities in every point of the network. In this paper we analyze some side effects of this solution, when in the presence of large amounts of data to transmit. In particular, we conduct a performance analysis of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), a widely accepted web transfer protocol for the Internet of Things, and propose a service management enhancement that improves the exploitation of the network and node resources. This is specifically thought for constrained nodes in the abovementioned conditions and proves to be able to significantly improve the node energetic performance when in the presence of large resource representations (hence, large data transmissions).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]],"date-time":"2012-08-29T11:47:52Z","timestamp":1346240872000},"page":"11888-11909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Improving Service Management in the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Sammarco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.R.T.S. Laboratory, Department DIMET, University of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5414-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Iera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.R.T.S. Laboratory, Department DIMET, University of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The internet of Things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.090911.111340","article-title":"S-IoT, giving a social structure to the Internet of Things","volume":"15","author":"Atzori","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Sung, J., and Kim, D. (2008, January 5\u20137). Complex Event Processing in EPC Sensor Network Middleware for Both RFID and WSN. Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISORC.2008.59"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, J., Lopez, T.S., and Kim, D. (2007, January 19\u201323). The EPC Sensor Network for RFID and WSN Integration Infrastructure. White Plains, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2007.113"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Hydra Project Available online: http:\/\/www.hydramiddleware.eu\/ (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulligan, G. (2007, January 25\u201326). The 6LoWPAN Architecture. Cork, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1278972.1278992"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, R., Leithardt, V.R., Silva, J.S., Geyer, C., Rodrigues, J., and Boavida, F. (2009, January 26\u201330). A Comparison of Approaches to Node and Service Discovery in 6lowPAN Wireless Sensor Networks. Tenerife, The Canary Islands, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/1641944.1641954"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alphand, O., Duda, A., Heusse, M., Ponsard, B., Rousseau, F., and Theoleyre, F. (2010). Towards the Future Internet of Sensors. The Internet of Things.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1674-7_30"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., and Culler, D. Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4944 (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Charter for \u201cIPv6 over Low power WPAN\u201d (6lowpan) WG. Available online: http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/dyn\/wg\/charter\/6lowpan-charter\/ (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Charter for \u201cRouting Over Low power and Lossy networks\u201d (roll) WG. Available online: http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/dyn\/wg\/charter\/roll-charter\/ (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Charter for \u201cConstrained RESTful Environments\u201d (core) WG. Available online: http:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/wg\/core\/charter\/ (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Vasseur, J.P., and Dunkels, A. (2010). Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., and Bornmann, C. (2009). 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470686218"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bormann, C., and Shelby, Z. Blockwise Transfers in CoAP. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/draft-ietf-core-block-08 (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, S., and Guinard, D. (2011, January 12). An Extensible Discovery Service for Smart Things. San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1993966.1993976"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Shelby, Z. CORE Link Format. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/draft-ietf-core-link-format-05 (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Shelby, Z. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/draft-ietf-core-coap-11 (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6sterlind, F., Dunkels, A., Eriksson, J., Finne, N., and Voigt, T. (2006, January 14). Cross-Level Sensor Network Simulation with Cooja. Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2006.322172"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkels, A., Mottola, L., Tsiftes, N., \u00d6sterlind, F., Eriksson, J., and Finne, N. (2011, January 23\u201325). The Announcement Layer: Beacon Coordination for the Sensornet Stack. Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19186-2_14"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkels, A., \u00d6sterlind, F., Tsiftes, N., and He, Z. (2007, January 25\u201326). Software-Based On-Line Energy Estimation for Sensor Nodes. Cork, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1322263.1322319"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovatsch, M., Duquennoy, S., and Dunkels, A. (2011, January 17\u201322). A Low-Power CoAP for Contiki. Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS.2011.100"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"List of Sensors. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_sensors (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., and Nordmark, E. Neighbor Discovery Optimization for Low Power and Lossy Networks (6LoWPAN). Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/draft-ietf-6lowpan-nd-19 (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priyantha, B., Kansal, A., Goraczko, M., and Zhao, F. (2008, January 5\u20137). Tiny Web Services: Design and Implementation of Interoperable and Evolvable Sensor Networks. Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1460412.1460438"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazar, D., and Dunkels, A. (2009, January 4\u20136). Efficient Application Integration in IP-Based Sensor Networks. Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1810279.1810289"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hartke, K., and Shelby, Z. Observing Resources in CoAP. Available online: http:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/draft-ietf-core-observe-03 (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Toma, I., Simperl, E., and Hench, G. (2009, January 1). A Joint Roadmap for Semantic Technologies and the Internet of Things. Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Web Ontology Language (OWL). Available online: http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2004\/OWL\/ (accessed on 22 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Compton, M., Henson, C., Lefort, L., Neuhaus, H., and Sheth, A. (2009, January 25\u201329). A Survey of the Semantic Specification of Sensors. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seitz, C., and Sch\u00f6nfelder, R. (2011, January 23\u201327). Rule-Based OWL Reasoning for Specific Embedded Devices. Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25093-4_16"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2008.25","article-title":"Encoding Semantic Awareness in Resource-Constrained Devices","volume":"23","author":"Preuveneers","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, W., Brennan, R., Keeney, J., and O'Sullivan, D. (2009, January 14\u201316). An Automatically Composable OWL Reasoner for Resource Constrained Devices. Berkeley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2009.41"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Katasonov, A., Kaykova, O., Khriyenko, O., Nikitin, S., and Terziyan, V. (2008, January 11\u201315). Smart Semantic Middleware for the Internet of Things. Funchal, Portugal."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11888\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:03Z","timestamp":1760219523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s120911888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120911888","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,29]]}}}