{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T04:58:27Z","timestamp":1761541107573,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]],"date-time":"2012-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finding out the optimal sampling positions for measurement of ventilation rates in a naturally ventilated building using tracer gas is a challenge. Affected by the wind and the opening status, the representative positions inside the building may change dynamically at any time. An optimization procedure using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was conducted. In this method, the concentration field inside the building was estimated by a three-order RSM polynomial model. The experimental sampling positions to develop the model were chosen from the cross-section area of a pitched-roof building. The Optimal Design method which can decrease the bias of the model was adopted to select these sampling positions. Experiments with a scale model building were conducted in a wind tunnel to achieve observed values of those positions. Finally, the models in different cases of opening states and wind conditions were established and the optimum sampling position was obtained with a desirability level up to 92% inside the model building. The optimization was further confirmed by another round of experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]],"date-time":"2012-08-30T12:12:33Z","timestamp":1346328753000},"page":"11966-11988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Optimization of Sampling Positions for Measuring Ventilation Rates in Naturally Ventilated Buildings Using Tracer Gas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Faculty Sciences and Technology, University of Aarhus, Blichers All\u00e9 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Faculty Sciences and Technology, University of Aarhus, Blichers All\u00e9 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Faculty Sciences and Technology, University of Aarhus, Blichers All\u00e9 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stowell, R.R., Mader, T.L., and Gaughan, J.B. (2009). Livestock Energetics and Thermal Environmental Management, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers(ASABE)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2008.01.012","article-title":"Emission effects of three different ventilation control strategies\u2014A scale model study","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"CIGR (1984). Climatization of animal houses, Working group report of International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR), Scottaspress."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.02.003","article-title":"Quantification of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from pig buildings in Korea","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2009.04.018","article-title":"Influence of sampling positions on accuracy of tracer gas measurements in ventilated spaces","volume":"104","author":"Vranken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(94)90078-7","article-title":"A wind tunnel study of the pressure distribution around sealed versus open low-rise buildings for naturally ventilated livestock housing","volume":"51","author":"Tanaka","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2009.02.007","article-title":"Assessing the ventilation effectiveness of naturally ventilated livestock buildings under wind dominated conditions using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"103","author":"Norton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1006\/jaer.2000.0678","article-title":"Validation of ventilation rate measurement methods and the ammonia emission from naturally ventilated dairy and beef buildings in the United Kingdom","volume":"79","author":"Demmers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1323(90)90010-O","article-title":"Tracer-gas techniques for measuring ventilation in a single zone","volume":"25","author":"Sherman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Shen, X., Zhang, G., and Johnsen, J.O. (2011). Design and optimization of a wind channel for natural ventilation study (Research notes), Air Physics Lab of Aarhus University."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2004.03.012","article-title":"Ventilation performance measurement using constant concentration dosing strategy","volume":"39","author":"Chao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Etheridge, D., and Sandberg, M. (1996). Building Ventilation: Theory and Measurement, John Wiley &Sons."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"137","article-title":"Response surface methodology: 1966\u20131988","volume":"31","author":"Myers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Carpenter, C.W. (1993). Effect of Design Selection on Response Surface Performance, NASA Langley Research Center."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Anderson, J.M., and Whitcomb, J.P. (2004). RSM Simplified: Optimizing Processes Using Response Surface Methods for Design of Experiment, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.02.009","article-title":"Investigation of response surface methodology for modelling ventilation rate of a naturally ventilated building","volume":"54","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007198","article-title":"Metamodels for Computer-Based Engineering Design: Survey and Recommendations","volume":"17","author":"Simpson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121637","article-title":"Optimal experimental design for combinatorial problems","volume":"9","author":"Grary","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santner, T., Williams, J.B., and Notz, I.W. (2003). The Design and Analysis of Computer Experiment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3799-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhode, M.N., and Richard, D. (2005, January 10\u201313). Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Calibration Using the Modern Design of Experiments. Tucson, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2005-4274"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Richard, D., Elonsio, M.R., Charles, H.C., Rickman, L.S., and Curtis, E.L. (2007, January 8\u201311). Space Shuttle Debris Impact Tool Assessment Using the Modern Design of Experiments. Reno, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omran, A., Newman, B., and Landman, D. (2012). Global aircraft aero-propulsive linear parameter-varying model using design of experiments. Aerosp. Sci. Technol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2011.05.008"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Richard, D. (2010, January 4\u20137). Analysis of Variance in the Modern Design of Experiment. Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2009.04.006","article-title":"Aeroelastic stability consideration of supersonic flight vehicle using nonlinear aerodynamic response surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Jegarkandi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauci, R., Marino, A., and Schettino, A. (2010, January 4\u20137). Hypersonic Laminar-Turbulent Transition Experiment Design: From wind tunnel model definition to MDOE Approach. Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2010-1112"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unal, R., Lepsch, A.R., and Mcmillin, L.M. (1998, January 2\u20134). Response Surface Model Building and Multidisciplinary Optimization Using Overdetermined D-Optimal Designs. St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1998-4759"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1960.10483369","article-title":"On the Exact Variance of Products","volume":"55","author":"Goodman","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2010.07.007","article-title":"Damage identification by response surface based model updating using D-optimal design","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2011.10.012","article-title":"Extending the desirability function to account for variability measures in univariate and multivariate response experiments","volume":"62","author":"Goethals","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:05Z","timestamp":1760219525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/9\/11966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s120911966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s120911966","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,30]]}}}