{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:00:28Z","timestamp":1762866028785,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]],"date-time":"2012-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global routing protocols in wireless body area networks are considered. Global routing is augmented with a novel link cost function designed to balance energy consumption across the network. The result is a substantial increase in network lifetime at the expense of a marginal increase in energy per bit. Network maintenance requirements are reduced as well, since balancing energy consumption means all batteries need to be serviced at the same time and less frequently. The proposed routing protocol is evaluated using a hardware experimental setup comprising multiple nodes and an access point. The setup is used to assess network architectures, including an on-body access point and an off-body access point with varying number of antennas. Real-time experiments are conducted in indoor environments to assess performance gains. In addition, the setup is used to record channel attenuation data which are then processed in extensive computer simulations providing insight on the effect of protocol parameters on performance. Results demonstrate efficient balancing of energy consumption across all nodes, an average increase of up to 40% in network lifetime corresponding to a modest average increase of 0.4 dB in energy per bit, and a cutoff effect on required transmission power to achieve reliable connectivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s121013088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]],"date-time":"2012-09-27T19:44:07Z","timestamp":1348775047000},"page":"13088-13108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["On Increasing Network Lifetime in Body Area Networks Using Global Routing with Energy Consumption Balancing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gill R.","family":"Tsouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, 79 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, 79 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Argade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, 79 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latre, B., Braem, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., Reusens, E., Joseph, W., and Demeester, P. (2007, January 6\u201310). A Low-Delay Protocol for Multihop Wireless Body Area Networks. Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MOBIQ.2007.4451060"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quwaider, M., and Biswas, S. (2009, January 27\u201329). On-Body Packet Routing Algorithms for Body Sensor Networks. Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NetCoM.2009.54"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehyaie, A., Hashemi, M., and Khadivi, P. (2009, January 15\u201319). Using Relay Network to Increase Life Time in Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks. Kos, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOWMOM.2009.5282405"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maskooki, A., Soh, C.B., Gunawan, E., and Low, K.S. (2011, January 9\u201312). Opportunistic Routing for Body Area Network. Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2011.5766463"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabi, M., Basten, T., Geilen, M., Blagojevic, M., and Hendriks, T. 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Oslo, Norway.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.bodynets.2012.249929"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2006.1638656","article-title":"Performance analysis of power management policies in wireless networks","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2005.31","article-title":"A MAC protocol to reduce sensor network energy consumption using a wakeup radio","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"874","article-title":"On finding multi-constrained paths","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Computat. Geometry Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Akkaya, K., and Younis, M. (2003, January 19\u201322). An Energy-Aware QoS Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. 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Available online: http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/ug\/slau227e\/slau227e.pdf (accessed on 26 June 2012)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/10\/13088\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:34Z","timestamp":1760219554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/10\/13088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s121013088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s121013088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,26]]}}}