{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:27:31Z","timestamp":1774366051182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At a solid\/liquid interface, physico-chemical phenomena occur that lead to the separation of electrical charges, establishing a zone called electrical double layer. The convection of one part of these charges by the liquid flow is the cause of the flow electrification phenomenon which is suspected of being responsible of incidents in the industry. The P\u2019 Institute of Poitiers University and CNRS has developed an original sensor called \u201ccapacitive sensor\u201d that allows the characterization of the mechanisms involved in the generation, accumulation and transfer of charges. As an example, this sensor included in the design of high power transformers, could easily show the evolution of electrostatic charge generation developed during the operating time of the transformer and, therefore, point out the operations leading to electrostatic hazards and, then, monitor the transformer to prevent such risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s121114315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T11:13:36Z","timestamp":1351163616000},"page":"14315-14326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u201cCapacitive Sensor\u201d to Measure Flow Electrification and Prevent Electrostatic Hazards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Thierry","family":"Paillat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrofluidodynamic Group, P' Institute, CNRS, University of Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346, 86962 Futuroscope Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Touchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrofluidodynamic Group, P' Institute, CNRS, University of Poitiers, ENSMA, UPR 3346, 86962 Futuroscope Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electricite de France (EDF), Site des Renardi\u00e8res LGEHT1, 77818 Mor\u00eat sur Loing, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Klinkerberg, A., and van der Minne, J.L. 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