{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:36:14Z","timestamp":1769762174488,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]],"date-time":"2012-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Finger vein patterns are considered as one of the most promising biometric authentication methods for its security and convenience. Most of the current available finger vein recognition methods utilize features from a segmented blood vessel network. As an improperly segmented network may degrade the recognition accuracy, binary pattern based methods are proposed, such as Local Binary Pattern (LBP), Local Derivative Pattern (LDP) and Local Line Binary Pattern (LLBP). However, the rich directional information hidden in the finger vein pattern has not been fully exploited by the existing local patterns. Inspired by the Webber Local Descriptor (WLD), this paper represents a new direction based local descriptor called Local Directional Code (LDC) and applies it to finger vein recognition. In LDC, the local gradient orientation information is coded as an octonary decimal number. Experimental results show that the proposed method using LDC achieves better performance than methods using LLBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s121114937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]],"date-time":"2012-11-05T11:09:37Z","timestamp":1352113777000},"page":"14937-14952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Finger Vein Recognition Based on Local Directional Code"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xianjing","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Gongping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China"}]},{"given":"Rongyang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250101, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maltoni, D., Maio, D., Jain, A.K., and Prabhakar, S. (2009). Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition, Springer-Verlag. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-254-2"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ross, A.A., Nandakumar, K., and Jain, A.K. (2006). Handbook of Multibiometrics, Springer-Verlag. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70708","article-title":"Eigenfeature regularization and extraction in face recognition","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818350","article-title":"How Iris recognition works","volume":"14","author":"Daugman","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Vid."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1251144","article-title":"Silhouette analysis-based gait recognition for human identification","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1109\/34.531800","article-title":"A real-time matching system for large fingerprint databases","volume":"18","author":"Ratha","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(02)00349-7","article-title":"A hybrid fingerprint matcher","volume":"36","author":"Ross","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"682","article-title":"A fingerprint matching algorithm using phase-only correlation","volume":"E87-A","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Fundamentals Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human finger vein images are diverse and its patterns are useful for personal identification","volume":"12","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"MHF Prepr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2009.12.006","article-title":"Finger vein recognition with manifold learning","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.07.042","article-title":"Driver identification using finger-vein patterns with radon transform and neural network","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Yang, J.F., Shi, Y.H., Yang, J.L., and Jiang, L.H. (2009, January 7\u201310). A Novel Finger-Vein Recognition Method with Feature Combination. Cairo, Egypt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-004-0149-2","article-title":"Feature extraction of finger-vein patterns based on repeated line tracking and its application to personal identification","volume":"15","author":"Miura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2009.24040","article-title":"Finger-vein image recognition combining modified hausdorff distance with minutiae feature matching","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.04.021","article-title":"A finger-vein verification system using mean curvature","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2011.03.004","article-title":"Image restoration of skin scattering and optical blurring for finger vein recognition","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulyono, D., and Jinn, H.S. (2008, January 23\u201324). A Study of Finger Vein Biometric for Personal Identification. Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBAST.2008.4547655"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623","article-title":"Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns","volume":"24","author":"Ojala","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2035882","article-title":"Local derivative pattern versus local binary pattern: Face recognition with high-order local pattern descriptor","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2042645","article-title":"Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions","volume":"19","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2010.02.006","article-title":"Local binary patterns variants as texture descriptors for medical image analysis","volume":"49","author":"Nanni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2010.07.006","article-title":"Directional binary code with application to PolyU near-infrared face database","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3390\/s120201738","article-title":"Finger vein recognition based on a personalized best bit map","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petpon, A., and Srisuk, S. (2009, January 20\u201323). Face Recognition with Local Line Binary Pattern. Xi'an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIG.2009.123"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11357","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211357","article-title":"Finger vein recognition using local line binary pattern","volume":"11","author":"Rosdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.155","article-title":"WLD: A robust local image descriptor","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from Scale invariant key points","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/11\/14937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:53:19Z","timestamp":1760219599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/11\/14937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s121114937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s121114937","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,5]]}}}