{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:48:19Z","timestamp":1783799299646,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Appliance Load Monitoring (ALM) is essential for energy management solutions, allowing them to obtain appliance-specific energy consumption statistics that can further be used to devise load scheduling strategies for optimal energy utilization. Fine-grained energy monitoring can be achieved by deploying smart power outlets on every device of interest; however it incurs extra hardware cost and installation complexity. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is an attractive method for energy disaggregation, as it can discern devices from the aggregated data acquired from a single point of measurement. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of NILM system and its associated methods and techniques used for disaggregated energy sensing. We review the state-of-the art load signatures and disaggregation algorithms used for appliance recognition and highlight challenges and future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T11:04:02Z","timestamp":1354791842000},"page":"16838-16866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":816,"title":["Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Approaches for Disaggregated Energy Sensing: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Zoha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gluhak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutharshan","family":"Rajasegarar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Uteley, J., and Shorrock, L. 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