{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:59:27Z","timestamp":1779382767707,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, driver drowsiness has been one of the major causes of road accidents and can lead to severe physical injuries, deaths and significant economic losses. Statistics indicate the need of a reliable driver drowsiness detection system which could alert the driver before a mishap happens. Researchers have attempted to determine driver drowsiness using the following measures: (1) vehicle-based measures; (2) behavioral measures and (3) physiological measures. A detailed review on these measures will provide insight on the present systems, issues associated with them and the enhancements that need to be done to make a robust system. In this paper, we review these three measures as to the sensors used and discuss the advantages and limitations of each. The various ways through which drowsiness has been experimentally manipulated is also discussed. We conclude that by designing a hybrid drowsiness detection system that combines non-intusive physiological measures with other measures one would accurately determine the drowsiness level of a driver. A number of road accidents might then be avoided if an alert is sent to a driver that is deemed drowsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s121216937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T11:07:28Z","timestamp":1354878448000},"page":"16937-16953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":629,"title":["Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Arun","family":"Sahayadhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Sundaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murugappan","family":"Murugappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2009). Global Status Report on Road Safety 2009, World Health Organisation (WHO)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rau, P. (2005). Drowsy Driver Detection and Warning System for Commercial Vehicle Drivers: Field Operational Test Design, Analysis, and Progress, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2010). Drivers Beware Getting Enough Sleep Can Save Your Life This Memorial Day, National Sleep Foundation (NSF)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Husar, P. Eyetracker Warns against Momentary Driver Drowsiness. Available online: http:\/\/www.fraunhofer.de\/en\/press\/research-news\/2010\/10\/eye-tracker-driver-drowsiness.html (accessed on 27 July 2012)."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2009.04.005","article-title":"Predicting driver drowsiness using vehicle measures: Recent insights and future challenges","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsman, P.M., Vila, B.J., Short, R.A., Mott, C.G., and van Dongen, H.P.A. (2012). Efficient driver drowsiness detection at moderate levels of drowsiness. Accid. Anal. Prevent., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.05.005"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"409","article-title":"Yawning detection based on gabor wavelets and LDA","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Technol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11768-010-8043-0","article-title":"A new real-time eye tracking based on nonlinear unscented Kalman filter for monitoring driver fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Contr. Theor. Appl"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1142\/S021800140900720X","article-title":"Multiscale dynamic features based driver fatigue detection","volume":"23","author":"Yin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-007-0117-7","article-title":"Estimating vigilance level by using EEG and EMG signals","volume":"17","author":"Akin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokonozi, A.K., Michail, E.M., Chouvarda, I.C., and Maglaveras, N.M. (2008, January 14\u201317). A Study of Heart Rate and Brain System Complexity and Their Interaction in Sleep-Deprived Subjects. Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2008.4749205"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2077291","article-title":"Driver drowsiness classification using fuzzy wavelet-packet-based feature-extraction algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Khushaba","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6913","DOI":"10.3390\/s90906913","article-title":"Changes in physiological parameters induced by indoor simulated driving: Effect of lower body exercise at mid-term break","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.01.011","article-title":"A driver fatigue recognition model based on information fusion and dynamic Bayesian network","volume":"180","author":"Guosheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inform. Sci"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2004.07.007","article-title":"Fatigue, sleep restriction and driving performance","volume":"37","author":"Philip","year":"2005","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.04.005","article-title":"The relationship between subjective and objective sleepiness and performance during a simulated night-shift with a nap countermeasure","volume":"42","author":"Tremaine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.05.060","article-title":"EEG microstates of wakefulness and NREM sleep","volume":"62","author":"Brodbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(1998). Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes, National Center on Sleep Disorder Research and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3141\/2138-15","article-title":"Impact of narrower lane width: Comparison between fixed-base simulator and real data","volume":"2138","author":"Rosey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Rec. J. Transport. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.09.022","article-title":"Driver\u2019s visual attention as a function of driving experience and visibility. Using a driving simulator to explore drivers\u2019 eye movements in day, night and rain driving","volume":"42","author":"Konstantopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198196155000105","article-title":"Driving simulator validity: Some considerations","volume":"1550","author":"Kaptein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Rec. J. Transport. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bella, F. (2012). Driver perception of roadside configurations on two-lane rural roads: Effects on speed and lateral placement. Accid. Anal. Prevent., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.04.015"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.11.020","article-title":"The impact of perceptual treatments on driver\u2019s behavior: From driving simulator studies to field tests\u2014First results","volume":"45","author":"Auberlet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.06.012","article-title":"Physiological responses to simulated and on-road driving","volume":"81","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2011.06.004","article-title":"On-road and simulated driving: Concurrent and discriminant validation","volume":"42","author":"Mayhew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Safety Res"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00504.x","article-title":"Subjective sleepiness, simulated driving performance and blink duration: Examining individual differences","volume":"15","author":"Ingre","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"85","article-title":"Overview of circadian rhythms","volume":"25","author":"Vitaterna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.09.030","article-title":"Driver drowsiness detection with eyelid related parameters by support vector machine","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effects of partial and total sleep deprivation on driving performance","volume":"62","author":"Peters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Publ. Road"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(00)00085-5","article-title":"A critical review of the psychophysiology of driver fatigue","volume":"55","author":"Lal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.5.289","article-title":"Vehicle accidents related to sleep: A review","volume":"56","author":"Horne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.02.021","article-title":"Effect of driving duration and partial sleep deprivation on subsequent alertness and performance of car drivers","volume":"84","author":"Otmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00014-3","article-title":"Monotony of road environment and driver fatigue: A simulator study","volume":"35","author":"Thiffault","year":"2003","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prevent"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-007-0319-3","article-title":"On-road experiment for collecting driving behavioural data of sleepy drivers","volume":"11","author":"Portouli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Somnology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11819-7_14","article-title":"Biosignal based discrimination between slight and strong driver hypovigilance by support-vector machines","volume":"67","author":"Sommer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agents and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779577336","article-title":"Impairment of driving performance caused by sleep deprivation or alcohol: A comparative study","volume":"41","author":"Fairclough","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hum. Factors Ergon"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ruijia, F., Guangyuan, Z., and Bo, C. (2009, January 26\u201329). An on-Board System for Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Using Dempster-Shafer Theory. Okayama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Vural, E. (2009). Video Based Detection of Driver Fatigue. Ph.D. Thesis,."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2549-0","article-title":"Effects of dexamphetamine with and without alcohol on simulated driving","volume":"222","author":"Simons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2188891","article-title":"Differentiating alcohol-induced driving behavior using steering wheel signals","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1226","article-title":"Effects of alcohol on highway driving in the STISIM driving simulator","volume":"26","author":"Mets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharm"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"6","article-title":"Drowsy driver detection through facial movement analysis","volume":"4796","author":"Lew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2006.869598","article-title":"Real-time system for monitoring driver vigilance","volume":"7","author":"Bergasa","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.01.018","article-title":"A visual approach for driver inattention detection","volume":"40","author":"Leo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Dang, H.L., Peng, S., Yan, Q.X., and Yun, X.Y. (2010, January 12\u201313). Drowsiness Detection Based on Eyelid Movement. Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Dinges, D.F., Mallis, M.M., Maislin, G., and Powell, J.W. (1998). Final Report: Evaluation of Techniques for Ocular Measurement as an Index of Fatigue and as the Basis for Alertness Management, Report for NHTSA."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.012","article-title":"Detecting deteriorated vigilance using percentage of eyelid closure time during behavioral maintenance of wakefulness tests","volume":"82","author":"Abe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811411297","article-title":"Evaluation of eye metrics as a detector of fatigue","volume":"53","author":"McKinley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Seeingmachines Driver State Sensor. Available online: http:\/\/www.seeingmachines.com\/product\/dss\/ (accessed on 21 November 2012)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Lexus, L.X. Driver Monitoring System. Available online: http:\/\/www.lexus.eu\/range\/ls\/key-features\/safety\/safety-driver-monitoring-system.aspx (accessed on 21 November 2012)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2003.821342","article-title":"Determining driver visual attention with one camera","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2044241","article-title":"Head pose estimation and augmented reality tracking: An integrated system and evaluation for monitoring driver awareness","volume":"11","author":"Trivedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Xue, T.Z., Nan, N.Z., Fan, M., and Yong, J.H. (2009, January 3\u20135). Head Pose Estimation Using Isophote Features for Driver Assistance Systems. Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hartley, L., Horberry, T., Mabbott, N., and Krueger, G. (2000). Review of Fatigue Detection and Prediction Technologies, National Road Transport Commission."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"372","article-title":"Effective driver fatigue monitoring through pupil detection and yawing analysis in low light level environments","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Technol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438205","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/438205","article-title":"Driver drowsiness warning system using visual information for both diurnal and nocturnal illumination conditions","volume":"2010","author":"Flores","year":"2010","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-010-0482-9","article-title":"Evaluation of fatigue monitoring technologies","volume":"14","author":"Golz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Somnology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.12.028","article-title":"Applying neural network analysis on heart rate variability data to assess driver fatigue","volume":"38","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2044","article-title":"Generalized EEG-based drowsiness prediction system by using a self-organizing neural fuzzy system","volume":"59","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2010.2046415","article-title":"A real-time wireless brain-computer interface system for drowsiness detection","volume":"4","author":"Chin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circ. Syst"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.01.085","article-title":"The ANN-based computing of drowsy level","volume":"36","author":"Kurt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Syst. Appl"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2010.01.001","article-title":"EEG-based estimation of mental fatigue by using KPCA-HMM and complexity parameters","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Contr"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyaji, M., Kawanaka, H., and Oguri, K. (2009, January 3\u20137). Driver\u2019s Cognitive Distraction Detection Using Physiological Features by the Adaboost. St. Louis, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2009.5309881"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michail, E., Kokonozi, A., Chouvarda, I., and Maglaveras, N. (2008, January 20\u201325). EEG and HRV Markers of Sleepiness and Loss of Control during Car Driving. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2008.4649724"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"632","article-title":"EMG\/ECG acquisition system with online adjustable parameters using zigbee wireless technology","volume":"132","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron. Inform. Syst"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2011.12.009","article-title":"Mobile wearable device for long term monitoring of vital signs","volume":"106","author":"Klingeberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Meth. Prog. Biomed"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Yu, X. (2009). Real-Time Nonintrusive Detection of Driver Drowsiness, Technical Report for University of Minnesota."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2118201","article-title":"A fast and easy-to-use ECG acquisition and heart rate monitoring system using a wireless steering wheel","volume":"12","author":"Casanella","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2011.2175742","article-title":"A Smart health monitoring chair for nonintrusive measurement of biological signals","volume":"16","author":"Hyun","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Technol. Biomed"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237212500159","article-title":"Multi-classifier for highly reliable driver drowsiness detection in Android platform","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Appl. Basis Commun"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6799","DOI":"10.3390\/s110706799","article-title":"A comprehensive ubiquitous healthcare solution on an Android\u2122 mobile device","volume":"11","author":"Hii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497899","article-title":"Differences between vehicle lateral displacement on the road and in a fixed-base simulator","volume":"44","author":"Blana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.012","article-title":"Effects of visual and cognitive load in real and simulated motorway driving","volume":"8","author":"Johansson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transport. Res. Traffic Psychol. Behav"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Lawrence, B., Stephen, P., and Howarth, H. (2009). An Evaluation of Emerging Driver Fatigue Detection Measures and Technologies, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Sloten, J., Verdonck, P., Nyssen, M., Haueisen, J., Mizuno, A., Okumura, H., and Matsumura, M. (2008, January 23\u201327). Development of Neckband Mounted Active Bio-Electrodes for Non-Restraint Lead Method of ECG R Wave. Antwerp, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2010.0925","article-title":"Real-time physiological and vision monitoring of vehicle driver for non-intrusive drowsiness detection","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun. IET"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2009.0110","article-title":"Controlled inducement and measurement of drowsiness in a driving simulator","volume":"4","author":"Solaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intell. Trans. Syst. IET"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20395","article-title":"Driver drowsiness detection based on multisource information","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Indust"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/s21020451","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354838400000}}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/12\/16937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T07:34:31Z","timestamp":1754292871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/12\/16937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s121216937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s121216937","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/s21020451","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]]}}}