{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:41:49Z","timestamp":1787046109577,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,20]],"date-time":"2012-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A fiber loop ringdown (FLRD) concrete crack sensor is described for the first time. A bare single mode fiber (SMF), without using other optical components or chemical coatings, etc., was utilized to construct the sensor head, which was driven by a FLRD sensor system. The performance of the sensor was evaluated on concrete bars with dimensions 20 cm \u00d7 5 cm \u00d7 5 cm, made in our laboratory. Cracks were produced manually and the responses of the sensor were recorded in terms of ringdown times. The sensor demonstrated detection of the surface crack width (SCW) of 0.5 mm, which leads to a theoretical SCW detection limit of 31 \u03bcm. The sensor\u2019s response to a cracking event is near real-time (1.5 s). A large dynamic range of crack detection ranging from a few microns (\u03bcm) to a few millimeters is expected from this sensor. With the distinct features, such as simplicity, temperature independence, near real-time response, high SCW detection sensitivity, and a large dynamic range, this FLRD crack sensor appears promising for detections of cracks when embedded in concrete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,20]],"date-time":"2012-12-20T11:27:57Z","timestamp":1356002877000},"page":"39-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Fiber Loop Ringdown Sensor for Potential Real-Time Monitoring of Cracks in Concrete Structures: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peeyush","family":"Sahay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/12\/3\/320","article-title":"Health monitoring of civil infrastructures","volume":"12","author":"Chong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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