{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:06:47Z","timestamp":1791234407004,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]],"date-time":"2012-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of optical aberrations. The direct visualization of the photoreceptor cells, capillaries and nerve fiber bundles represents the major benefit of adding AO to retinal imaging. Adaptive optics is opening a new frontier for clinical research in ophthalmology, providing new information on the early pathological changes of the retinal microstructures in various retinal diseases. We have reviewed AO technology for retinal imaging, providing information on the core components of an AO retinal camera. The most commonly used wavefront sensing and correcting elements are discussed. Furthermore, we discuss current applications of AO imaging to a population of healthy adults and to the most frequent causes of blindness, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. We conclude our work with a discussion on future clinical prospects for AO retinal imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]],"date-time":"2012-12-27T11:08:31Z","timestamp":1356606511000},"page":"334-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Adaptive Optics Technology for High-Resolution Retinal Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Serrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Devaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Optics Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacristina","family":"Parravano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IPCF Unit of Support of Cosenza, c\/o University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci Cubo 31\/C,87036 Rende, Italy"},{"name":"Vision Engineering, Via Adda 7, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.09.026","article-title":"Wave aberration of human eyes and new descriptors of image optical quality of the eye","volume":"36","author":"Lombardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. 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