{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:28:31Z","timestamp":1760549311431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combining the Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C4D) technique and the principle of cross correlation flow measurement, a new method for flow rate measurement in millimeter-scale pipes was proposed. The research work included two parts. First, a new five-electrode C4D sensor was developed. Second, with two conductivity signals obtained by the developed sensor, the flow rate measurement was implemented by using the principle of cross correlation flow measurement. The experimental results showed that the proposed flow rate measurement method was effective, the developed  five-electrode C4D sensor was successful, and the measurement accuracy was satisfactory. In five millimeter-scale pipes with different inner diameters of 0.5, 0.8, 1.8, 3.0 and  3.9 mm respectively, the maximum relative difference of the flow rate measurement between the reference flow rate and the measured flow rate was less than 5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130201563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T11:06:55Z","timestamp":1359112015000},"page":"1563-1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A New Method for Flow Rate Measurement in  Millimeter-Scale Pipes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Department of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goldstein, R.J. (1996). Fluid Mechanics Measurements, Taylor & Francis. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nakra, B.C., and Chaudhry, K.K. (2004). Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2009.4762948","article-title":"Flow meters: Part 1","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Instru. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, R.C. (2000). Flow Measurement Handbook, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511471100"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Spitzer, D.W. (2005). Industrial Flow Measurement, The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA). [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1777(02)00150-4","article-title":"Fundamental issues related to flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels","volume":"26","author":"Kandlikar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/01457630304041","article-title":"Boiling and evaporation in small diameter channels","volume":"24","author":"Bergles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heat Transf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandlikar, S.G. (2006). Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Minichannels and Microchannels, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044527-4\/50007-4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1108\/sr.2002.08722caa.002","article-title":"Flow measurement-future directions","volume":"22","author":"Sproston","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/02602289510102318","article-title":"Flowmeter review","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2009.4762948","article-title":"Tutorial 20: Flow meters: Part2","volume":"12","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Instru. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00233125","article-title":"Velocity measurements in slow flow by the conductance-tracer method","volume":"9","author":"Sokolov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/11\/10\/311","article-title":"A six-electrode local probe for measuring solids velocity and volume fraction profiles in solids-water flows","volume":"11","author":"Lucas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9707592","article-title":"Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis","volume":"70","author":"Zemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980185g","article-title":"An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis","volume":"70","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(80)80001-X","article-title":"High-frequency contactless conductivity detection in isotachophoresis","volume":"192","author":"Gas","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.11.045","article-title":"A review of the recent achievements in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection","volume":"607","author":"Kuban","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.08.032","article-title":"A new method of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection based on series resonance","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2012.04.003","article-title":"Design of Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection Sensor","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Shih, C.-Y., Li, W., Zheng, S.Y., and Tai, Y.-C. (2006, January 22\u201325). A resonance-induced sensitivity enhancement method for conductivity sensors. Daegu, Korea."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201000354","article-title":"Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques-recent developments","volume":"32","author":"Kuban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1039\/C1AY05364G","article-title":"Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection on microfluidic systems\u2014Ten years of development","volume":"4","author":"Coltro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200503237","article-title":"Understanding capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Part I. Fundamentals","volume":"17","author":"Blanes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.05.058","article-title":"Contactless conductivity detection for microfluidics: Designs and applications","volume":"74","author":"Pumera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)01051-6","article-title":"Design of an electronic interface for capacitively coupled four-electrode conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis microchip","volume":"83","author":"Laugere","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(01)00547-7","article-title":"Downscaling aspects of a conductivity detector for application in on-chip capillary electrophoresis","volume":"92","author":"Laugere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0157371","article-title":"On-chip contactless four-electrode conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis devices","volume":"75","author":"Laugere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)01050-4","article-title":"Electronic protection methods for conductivity detectors in micro capillary electrophoresis devices","volume":"83","author":"Bastemeijer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Xu, L.A. (1988). Cross-Correlation Flow Measurement Technique, Tianjin University Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/9\/4\/010","article-title":"A clamp-on ultrasonic cross correlation flow meter for one-phase flow","volume":"9","author":"Worch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Beck, M.S., and Plaskowski, A. (1987). Cross Correlation Flowmeters\u2014Their Design and Application, Adam Hilger."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/2\/1563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:44:33Z","timestamp":1760219073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/2\/1563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s130201563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130201563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]}}}