{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:19:09Z","timestamp":1774315149083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a time-domain CMOS oscillator-based thermostat with digital set-point programming [without a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) or external resistor] to achieve on-chip thermal management of modern VLSI systems. A time-domain delay-line-based thermostat with multiplexers (MUXs) was used to substantially reduce the power consumption and chip size, and can benefit from the performance enhancement due to the scaling down of fabrication processes. For further cost reduction and accuracy enhancement, this paper proposes a thermostat using two oscillators that are suitable for time-domain curvature compensation instead of longer linear delay lines. The final time comparison was achieved using a time comparator with a built-in custom hysteresis to generate the corresponding temperature alarm and control. The chip size of the circuit was reduced to 0.12 mm2 in a 0.35-mm TSMC CMOS process. The thermostat operates from  0 to 90 \u00b0C, and achieved a fine resolution better than 0.05  \u00b0C and an improved inaccuracy of \u00b1 0.6 \u00b0C after two-point calibration for eight packaged chips. The power consumption was 30 \u00b5W at a sample rate of 10 samples\/s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130201679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T11:55:49Z","timestamp":1359460549000},"page":"1679-1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Time-Domain CMOS Oscillator-Based Thermostat with Digital Set-Point Programming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6354-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Microchip Inc. TC620 series Logic Output Temperature Sensor. Available online: http:\/\/www.microchip.com (accessed on 21 January 2013)."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1908","article-title":"A Temperature Sensor with Single Resistor Set-Point Programming","volume":"34","author":"Brokaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid\u2013State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lorenz, P.S. (2005). Thermostat with Resistor-to-Digital-Converter Control of Trip Point. (U.S. Patent 6,924,758)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Duarte, D.E., Geannopoulos, G., Mughal, U., Wong, K.L., and Taylor, G. (September, January 6\u2013). Temperature Sensor Design in a High Volume Manufacturing 65nm CMOS Digital Process. Piscataway, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2009.2029035","article-title":"A Time-Domain Sub-Micro Watt Temperature Sensor with Digital Set-Point Programming","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2010.2040658","article-title":"A Time-Domain SAR Smart Temperature Sensor with Curvature Compensation and a 3\u03c3 Inaccuracy of 0.4 \u00b0C\u223c+0.6 \u00b0C over a 0 \u00b0C to 90 \u00b0C Range","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-S., Sylvester, D., and Blaauw, D. (September, January 21\u2013). An Ultra Low Power 1 V, 220 nW Temperature Sensor for Passive Wireless Applications. San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2011.2161783","article-title":"Time-Domain CMOS Temperature Sensors With Dual Delay-Locked Loops for Microprocessor Thermal Monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Ha","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. VLSI"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2010.2090567","article-title":"All-Digital Time-Domain Smart Temperature Sensor with an Inter-Batch Inaccuracy of \u22120.7 C\u223c0.6 C after One-Point Calibration","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2006.874328","article-title":"A 155.52Mbps\u223c3.125Gbps Continuous-Rate Clock and Data Recovery","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1109\/81.933328","article-title":"Mutual Compensation of Mobility and Threshold Voltage Temperature Effects with Applications in CMOS Circuits","volume":"48","author":"Filanovsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1109\/4.859501","article-title":"Clock-Deskew Buffer Using a SAR-Controlled Delay-Locked Loop","volume":"35","author":"Dehng","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/2\/1679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:44:38Z","timestamp":1760219078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/2\/1679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s130201679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130201679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]}}}