{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:32:13Z","timestamp":1787592733416,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The regional service of the Chinese BeiDou satellite navigation system is now in operation with a constellation including five Geostationary Earth Orbit satellites (GEO), five Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites and four Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. Besides the standard positioning service with positioning accuracy of about 10 m, both precise relative positioning and precise point positioning are already demonstrated. As is well known, precise orbit and clock determination is essential in enhancing precise positioning services. To improve the satellite orbits of the BeiDou regional system, we concentrate on the impact of the tracking geometry and the involvement of MEOs, and on the effect of integer ambiguity resolution as well. About seven weeks of data collected at the BeiDou Experimental Test Service (BETS) network is employed in this experimental study. Several tracking scenarios are defined, various processing schemata are designed and carried out; and then, the estimates are compared and analyzed in detail. The results show that GEO orbits, especially the along-track component, can be significantly improved by extending the tracking network in China along longitude direction, whereas IGSOs gain more improvement if the tracking network extends in latitude. The involvement of MEOs and ambiguity-fixing also make the orbits better.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130302911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T13:09:27Z","timestamp":1362143367000},"page":"2911-2928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Experimental Study on the Precise Orbit Determination of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lina","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maorong","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiexian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Wickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geodesy and Remote Sensing, German Research Center for Geosciences, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"China Satellite Navigation Office Available online: http:\/\/gge.unb.ca\/test\/beidou_icd_english.pdf (Accessed on December 2012)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4446-8","article-title":"Precise orbit determination of BeiDou Satellites with precise positioning","volume":"55","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. 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Geod."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/2911\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:14Z","timestamp":1760219114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/2911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s130302911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130302911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}