{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T17:37:40Z","timestamp":1762623460701,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel design for a strip-type microthrottle pump with a rectangular actuator geometry is proposed, with more efficient chip surface consumption compared to existing micropumps with circular actuators. Due to the complex structure and operation of the proposed device, determination of detailed structural parameters is essential. Therefore, we developed an advanced, fully coupled 3D electro-fluid-solid mechanics simulation model in COMSOL that includes fluid inertial effects and a hyperelastic model for PDMS and  no-slip boundary condition in fluid-wall interface. Numerical simulation resulted in accurate virtual prototyping of the proposed device only after inclusion of all mentioned effects. Here, we provide analysis of device operation at various frequencies which describes the basic pumping effects, role of excitation amplitude and backpressure and provides optimization of critical design parameters such as optimal position and height of the microthrottles. Micropump prototypes were then fabricated and characterized. Measured characteristics proved expected micropump operation, achieving maximal  flow-rate 0.43 mL\u00b7min\u22121 and maximal backpressure 12.4 kPa at 300 V excitation. Good agreement between simulation and measurements on fabricated devices confirmed the correctness of the developed simulation model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130303092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]],"date-time":"2013-03-04T11:03:50Z","timestamp":1362395030000},"page":"3092-3108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Strip-Type Microthrottle Pump: Modeling, Design  and Fabrication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Borut","family":"Pe\u010dar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Vrta\u010dnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence Namaste, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drago","family":"Resnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence Namaste, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Mo\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence Namaste, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uro\u0161","family":"Aljan\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence Namaste, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Dol\u017ean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slavko","family":"Amon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microsensor Structures and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence Namaste, Jamova 39, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Kri\u017eaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Bioelectromagnetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1515-0","article-title":"Micro total analysis system (\u03bc-TAS) in biotechnology","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-009-9388-3","article-title":"Chemotherapy resistance research of lung cancer based on micro-fluidic chip system with flow medium","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1039\/b407760c","article-title":"Elastomer-glass micropumps employing active throttles","volume":"129","author":"Johnston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Analyst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1039\/b411886c","article-title":"Microfuidic solid phase suspension transport with an elastomer-based, single piezo-actuator, micro throttle pump","volume":"5","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lab Chip."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/15\/10\/007","article-title":"Micro throttle pump employing displacement amplification in an elastomeric substrate","volume":"15","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065018","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/20\/6\/065018","article-title":"Increasing pumping efficiency in a micro throttle pump by enhancing displacement amplification in an elastomeric substrate","volume":"20","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-006-0867-x","article-title":"Simulation and optimization of a piezoelectric micropump for medical applications","volume":"36","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"145","article-title":"Fabrication and Analysis of Valve-less Micro-pumps","volume":"5","author":"Hamdan","year":"2011","journal-title":"JJMIE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/14\/2\/014","article-title":"Simulation of a piezoelectrically actuated valveless micropump","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Yao, Q., Xu, D., Pan, L.S., Melissa, T.A.L., Ho, W.M., Peter, L.V.S., and Shabbir, M. (May, January 7\u2013). Full Coupling Simulation of a Membrane Micropump. Boston, Massachusetts, MA, USA. Volume 2."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lee, H.W., Syono, M.H., and Azid, I.H.A. (May, January 10\u2013). A Coupled-Field Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) Simulation of an Electrostatically Actuated Diaphragm Valveless Micropump (EDVM). Leipzig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Lan, W.P., Chang, J.S., Wu, K.C., and Shih, Y.C. (April, January 25\u2013). Simulation of Valveless Micropump and Mode Analysis. Stresa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105015","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/18\/10\/104015","article-title":"Three-dimensional electro-fuid-structural interaction simulation for pumping performance evaluation of a valveless micropump","volume":"18","author":"Ha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1039\/C2LC20799K","article-title":"Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Chip."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"COMSOL Inc. Available online: http:\/\/www.comsol.com\/ (accessed on 20 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.12.054","article-title":"Deformation of PDMS membrane and microcantilever by a water droplet: Comparison between mooney- rivlin and linear elastic constitutive models","volume":"332","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3077868","article-title":"A molecular dynamics simulation study of the pressure-volume-temperature behavior of polymers under high pressure","volume":"130","author":"Hooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1415510","article-title":"Study of the resist deformation in nanoimprint lithography","volume":"19","author":"Hirai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8628","DOI":"10.1039\/c1sm05543g","article-title":"Slip boundary conditions based on molecular kinetic theory: The critical shear stress and the energy dissipation at the liquid-solid interface","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft. Matter."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/38686","article-title":"A general boundary condition for liquid flow at solid surfaces","volume":"389","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Lauga, E., Brenner, M.P., and Stone, H.A. (2007). Handbook of Experimental Fluid Dynamics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2011). Microfluidics Module User's Guide\u00a9, COMSOL AB."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3474639","article-title":"Patterning nanowire and micro-nanoparticle array on micropillar-structured surface: Experiment and modeling","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(80)90076-5","article-title":"On the numerical solution of time-dependent viscous incompressible fluid flows involving solid boundaries","volume":"35","author":"Moin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mark, J.E. (1999). Polymer Data Handbook, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006755215560","article-title":"Strength of a soft PZT ceramic under a transverse electric field","volume":"19","author":"Fett","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.08.013","article-title":"Fracture resistance of a doped PZT ceramic for multilayer piezoelectric actuators: Effect of mechanical load and temperature","volume":"30","author":"Bermejoa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/3092\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:17Z","timestamp":1760219117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/3092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s130303092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130303092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,4]]}}}