{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:40:57Z","timestamp":1776465657257,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]],"date-time":"2013-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Typically, low-pressure sprayers are used to uniformly apply pre- and  post-emergent herbicides to control weeds in crop rows. An innovative machine for weed control in inter-row and intra-row areas, with a unique combination of inter-row cultivation tooling and intra-row band spraying for six rows and an electro-hydraulic side-shift frame controlled by a GPS system, was developed and evaluated. Two weed management strategies were tested in the field trials: broadcast spraying (the conventional method) and band spraying with mechanical weed control using RTK-GPS (the experimental method). This approach enabled the comparison between treatments from the perspective of cost savings and efficacy in weed control for a sugar beet crop. During the 2010\u20132011 season, the herbicide application rate (112 L ha\u22121) of the experimental method was approximately 50% of the conventional method, and thus a significant reduction in the operating costs of weed management was achieved. A comparison of the 0.2-trimmed means of weed population post-treatment showed that the treatments achieved similar weed control rates at each weed survey date. Sugar beet yields were similar with both methods (p = 0.92). The use of the experimental equipment is cost-effective on \u226520 ha of crops. These initial results show good potential for reducing herbicide application in the Spanish beet industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130303313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]],"date-time":"2013-03-11T12:14:24Z","timestamp":1363004064000},"page":"3313-3330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Development and Evaluation of a Combined Cultivator  and Band Sprayer with a Row-Centering RTK-GPS  Guidance System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Perez-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Engineering and Fluids Mechanics Department, University of Sevilla,  Ctra. Sevilla-Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Carballido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales,  Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Ctra. Nacional IV-A km 376, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ag\u00fcera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Engineering Department, University of C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales,  Edif. Leonardo da Vinci, Ctra. Nacional IV-A km 376, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lizana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Engineering and Fluids Mechanics Department, University of Sevilla,  Ctra. Sevilla-Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1614\/WT-07-104.1","article-title":"Multispectral machine vision identification of lettuce and weed seedlings for automated weed control","volume":"22","author":"Slaughter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Weed Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brandes, A. (2000). 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