{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:03:33Z","timestamp":1762340613285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A moisture detection of single rice grains using a slim and small open-ended coaxial probe is presented. The coaxial probe is suitable for the nondestructive measurement of moisture values in the rice grains ranging from from 9.5% to 26%. Empirical polynomial models are developed to predict the gravimetric moisture content of rice based on measured reflection coefficients using a vector network analyzer. The relationship between the reflection coefficient and relative permittivity were also created using a regression method and expressed in a polynomial model, whose model coefficients were obtained by fitting the data from Finite Element-based simulation. Besides, the designed single rice grain sample holder and experimental set-up were shown. The measurement of single rice grains in this study is more precise compared to the measurement in conventional bulk rice grains, as the random air gap present in the bulk rice grains is excluded.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130303652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T12:22:04Z","timestamp":1363263724000},"page":"3652-3663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Small and Slim Coaxial Probe for Single Rice Grain  Moisture Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5214-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kok","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Hou","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences, SEGi Kota Damansara, 47810 Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Jamaliah","family":"Salleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,  Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Zulkifly","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/18\/4\/004","article-title":"Dielectric relaxation measurement and analysis of restricted water structure in rice kernels","volume":"18","author":"Yagihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Meas. 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Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"496","article-title":"Effects of length and diameter of open-ended coaxial sensor on its reflection coefficient","volume":"21","author":"You","year":"2012","journal-title":"RadioEngineering"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/3652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:32Z","timestamp":1760219132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/3652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s130303652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130303652","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]]}}}