{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:30:49Z","timestamp":1760243449796,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: The purpose of the study was to implement a new eye tracking mask which could be used to guide the laser beam in automated non-mechanical excimer laser assisted penetrating keratoplasty. Materials and methods: A new trephination mask design with an elevated surface geometry has been proposed with a step formation between conical and flat interfaces. Two recipient masks of 7.5\/8.0 mm have been manufactured and tested. The masks have outer diameter of 12.5 mm, step formation at 10.5 mm, and slope of conical surfaces 15\u00b0. Its functionality has been tested in different lateral positions and tilts on a planar surface, and pig eye experiments. After successful validation on porcine eyes, new masks have been produced and tested on two patients. Results: The build-in eye tracking software of the MEL 70 was always able to capture the masks. It has been shown that the unwanted pigmentation\/pattern induced by the laser pulses on the mask surface does not influence the eye-tracking efficiency. The masks could be tracked within the 18 \u00d7 14 mm lateral displacement and up to 12\u00b0 tilt. Two patient cases are demonstrated. No complications were observed during the surgery, although it needs some attention for aligning the mask horizontally before trephination. Stability of eye tracking masks is emphasized by inducing on purpose movements of the patient head. Conclusion: Eye-tracking-guided penetrating keratoplasty was successfully applied in clinical practice, which enables robust tracking criteria within an extended range. It facilitates the automated trephination procedure of excimer laser-assisted penetrating keratoplasty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130303753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T13:58:38Z","timestamp":1363615118000},"page":"3753-3764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Eye-Tracker-Guided Non-Mechanical Excimer Laser Assisted  Penetrating Keratoplasty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"Janunts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, Homburg\/Saar 66421, Germany"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Schirra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg\/Saar 66421, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Szentm\u00e1ry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg\/Saar 66421, Germany"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg\/Saar 66421, Germany"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Langenbucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, Homburg\/Saar 66421, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1045677","article-title":"193 nm excimer laser trephination in perforating keratoplasty. 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Corneal Surgery: Theory, Technique and Tissue, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20060101-09","article-title":"Corneal aberration changes after hyperopic LASIK: A comparison between the VISX Star S2 and the Asclepion-Meditec MEL 70 G Scan excimer lasers","volume":"22","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.11.039","article-title":"Iris registration in wavefront-guided LASIK to correct mixed astigmatism","volume":"35","author":"Khalifa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2011.11.002","article-title":"Analysis of the effects of Eye-Tracker performance on the pulse positioning errors during refractive surgery","volume":"5","author":"Aslanides","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.05.025","article-title":"Visual outcomes after wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis with and without iris registration","volume":"34","author":"Tantayakom","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00884-1","article-title":"Improvement in photorefractive corneal laser surgery results using an active eye-tracking system","volume":"27","author":"Mrochen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/3753\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:36Z","timestamp":1760219136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/3\/3753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s130303753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s130303753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]]}}}