{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:52:32Z","timestamp":1791204752034,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,15]],"date-time":"2013-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the design of a 3D image acquisition system dedicated to natural complex scenes composed of randomly distributed objects with spatial discontinuities. In agronomic sciences, the 3D acquisition of natural scene is difficult due to the complex nature of the scenes. Our system is based on the Shape from Focus technique initially used in the microscopic domain. We propose to adapt this technique to the macroscopic domain and we detail the system as well as the image processing used to perform such technique. The Shape from Focus technique is a monocular and passive 3D acquisition method that resolves the occlusion problem affecting the multi-cameras systems. Indeed, this problem occurs frequently in natural complex scenes like agronomic scenes. The depth information is obtained by acting on optical parameters and mainly the depth of field. A focus measure is applied on a 2D image stack previously acquired by the system. When this focus measure is performed, we can create the depth map of the scene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s130405040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T03:19:09Z","timestamp":1366082349000},"page":"5040-5053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["3D Image Acquisition System Based on Shape from Focus Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bastien","family":"Billiot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, BP 47870,21078 Dijon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Cointault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrosup Dijon, 26 boulevard Docteur Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovic","family":"Journaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, BP 47870,21078 Dijon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, BP 47870,21078 Dijon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Gouton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Electronique, Informatique et Image, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, BP 47870,21078 Dijon Cedex, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1145\/356893.356896","article-title":"Computational stereo","volume":"14","author":"Barnard","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM Comput. 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